Which of the following organisms would lose the most water by osmosis across its gills?
a. marine bony fish
b. shark
c. freshwater bony fish
d. freshwater invertebrate
The most water would be lost via osmosis through the gills of marine bony fish.
Osmoconformers actively or passively adjust their body osmolarity to their surroundings. Despite having an ionic composition that may be different from that of saltwater, the majority of marine invertebrates are osmoconformers. Osmoregulators are more prevalent in the animal kingdom and strictly control their body osmolarity, which is constant at all times. Despite the salt concentrations in the environment, osmoregulators actively regulate salt concentrations. Freshwater fish is one illustration.
To thrive in a variety of aquatic conditions, some fish have developed osmoregulatory mechanisms. Sharks are cartilaginous fish having a salt-secreting rectal gland that helps with osmoregulation.
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How is the DNA in a prokaryote different from the DNA in a eukaryote?
Answer:
Prokaryotes contain circular DNA in addition to smaller, transferable DNA plasmids. Eukaryotic cells contain mitochondrial DNA in addition to nuclear DNA. Eukaryotes separate replicated chromosomes by mitosis, using cytoskeletal proteins, whereas prokaryotes divide more simply via binary fission
Answer:
A major difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is the presence of mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) in eukaryotes .
Research a tundra plant or animal that is being affected by
climate change. What is the name of it? Where on Earth does it
live? How is its lifestyle being affected by climate change?
What is the outlook for this organism? Write your answer in
complete sentences below.
The tundra also takes a long time to recover from physical disruptions such as tyre tracks from big vehicles.
what is a climate change ?
Climate change, as it is often used, refers to global warming—the continual rise in global average temperature—and its consequences on the Earth's climate system. In a larger sense, climate change encompasses prior long-term changes to the Earth's climate. The current rise in global average temperature is faster than previous changes, and it is primarily the result of humans burning fossil fuels. The use of fossil fuels, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practises all contribute to the increase of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide and methane.
The tundra also takes a long time to recover from physical disruptions such as tyre tracks from big vehicles. Changes in the Climate A warming temperature might significantly alter tundra landscapes.
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ORGANELLE PRACTICE
Directions: Drag the correct organelle to the column on the right. Your code will be the
numbers read from top to bottom. You will have extra terms.
1 Smooth ER 2 Golgi 3 Lysosomes 4 Rough ER
1 Smooth ER 2 Golgi 3 Lysosomes 4 Rough ER
membrane-enclosed sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes
Functions include the correct folding and chemical modification of
newly synthesized proteins
associated with membrane-bound ribosomes
Function includes storage and release of macromolecules
important in intracellular digestion
functions include detoxification and lipid synthesis
5 Vacuole
5 Vacuole
Answer:
3,4,4,5,3,3,1 (answers in order to the picture attached)
Which of the following occurs as an enzyme produced by a cell is secreted from the cell? A. Phagocytosis B. Exocytosis C. Endocytosis D. Receptor-mediated endocytosis E. Pinocytosis
Through a process known as exocytosis, a body secretes its enzyme. Exocytosis is the process by which large molecules are transported within the bilayer to the exterior.
What happens during exocytosis?Secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane during exocytosis in order to discharge entire contents into extracellular space and integrate new protein and lipid molecules into the plasma membrane.
Define exocytosis with an illustration.Exocytosis is the process by which a cell moves secretory substances through the cytoplasm to the cell surface. To package secretory products, spheres containing cell transport vesicles are employed. Here are a few examples of cellular secretory products: peptide hormones, antigens that are released as proteins, and proteins.
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Which of the following could occur only after plants moved from the oceans to land?
A) Animals could also move onto land because there were opportunities for new food sources. B) Animals could also move onto land because they had easier access to nitrogen.
C) Cyanobacteria could also move onto land because their host plants occurred there.
D) Plants in the oceans were able to evolve forms that lived in much deeper parts of the oceans.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
LIMITED TIME!!!!! HELP!!!!!
Which of the following describes the definition of a species?
Select one:
Group of organisms whose offspring are fertile
Group of organisms that can reproduce
Group of organisms with similar characteristics
Explanation:
A biological species is a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring.
Answer:
so 2
Figure 1 shows an image of a diseased plant. The fungus causes pollen to be replaced with powdery, dark colored spores. The fungus is spread by pollinators. What structure of the flower is most likely impacted by this fungus?
The anthers of the flower are most likely impacted by this fungus.
What is a fungus?
Fungus is a type of organism that is neither a plant nor an animal. It is a member of a group of organisms called eukaryotes, which includes all living things except bacteria and viruses. Fungi are made up of microscopic cells organized into long, branching structures called hyphae. Fungi are extremely diverse and can be found in all types of habitats, from soils and plants to animals, including humans. Fungi play important roles in the ecosystem, breaking down dead organic matter, cycling nutrients, and providing food for other organisms.
The anthers are the organs responsible for producing and releasing pollen, so if they are replaced with powdery, dark colored spores, the flower will be unable to produce viable pollen.
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Which of the following is not a method of chromosomal sex determination that occurs in nature?
a) In birds, the mother's sex chromosomes determine the sex of the offspring.
b) In sea turtles, eggs laid in hot sand become females and eggs laid in cooler sand become males
c) In humans, the presence of a Y chromosome makes an individual male, even if he also possesses two chromosomes.
d) In bees, the eggs that the queen allows to be fertilized become females and the eggs she doesn't fertilize become males.
e) All of the above are naturally occurring examples of sex determination.
The examples of sex determination given above all occur naturally.
What are sex identification techniques?In mammals, sex is determined by the male Y chromosome. In placental mammals, sex is determined by the presence of the Y chromosome. Cells from females typically have two X chromosomes, while cells from males typically have an X and a Y chromosome.
What are the three different ways to determine sex?Sex can be broadly divided into three categories: genotypic sex, phenotypic sex, and gender. Genotypic sex particularly refers to a person's two sex chromosomes. Most humans have either an X and a Y chromosome or two X chromosomes (genotypic female) (genotypic male).
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1 Answer:
The greenhouse effect occurs when
a. cooling towers malfunction.
b. radiated heat from the Earth is absorbed by the atmosphere.
c. steam heating systems are used.
d. ultraviolet light is absorbed by the atmosphere.
2 Answer:
When steam condenses
a. it changes from the gas phase to the liquid phase.
b. it gives off heat.
c. molecules move closer together.
d. all of the above occur.
3 Answer:
In a solar heating system, heat is transferred to water in a storage
tank by means of a
a. cooling tower.
b. solar collector.
c. heat exchanger.
d. radiator.
4 Answer:
In a radiant electric system, heat is produced from
a. electric resistance in cables or wires.
b. thermostats.
c. heat pumps.
d. packed fiberglass.
5 Answer:
Weatherstripping prevents heat loss by
a. lessening evaporation.
b. reducing convection and conduction.
c. preventing condensation.
d. increasing radiation.
6 Answer:
Which of the following is not part of a cooling system?
a. storage tank
b. refrigerant
c. compressor
d. cooling tower
7 Answer:
In which stroke of a four-stroke engine does a spark plug ignite the
gas?
a. intake
b. compression
c. power
d. exhaust
8 Answer:
A diesel engine
a. uses only air during the intake stroke.
b. is an external-combustion engine.
c. uses a spark plug to ignite fuel.
d. uses Freon.
9 Answer:
A cooling tower
a. is controlled by a thermostat.
b. cools water as it flows through pipes.
c. cools water through insulation.
d. causes thermal pollution.
10 Answer:
In passive solar heating,
a. buildings have pipes to circulate hot water.
b. a heat exchanger is needed.
c. buildings are heated directly by the sun.
d. a solar collector absorbs sunlight.
(1) The usage of steam heating systems causes the greenhouse effect.
(2) Heat is released as steam condenses.
How does the greenhouse effect work?The majority of the infrared energy from the Sun is absorbed & re-emitted in all dimensions by green house gases molecule and clouds, creating the greenhouse effect. This causes the earth's atmosphere and indeed the Earth's surface to warm.
The greenhouse effect: beneficial or harmful?The positive effects of the greenhouse effect. In order to maintain life on planet, well, habitable, it warms the world to its pleasant average temperature of 59 ℉ (15 degrees Celsius). Without it, the world would resemble Mars more and be a freezing, dangerous place.
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Which of the following phases of drug product development may be improved as a result of equipment, regulatory, supply, or market demands? Stage 1, stage 2, stage 3 or stage 4?
Answer:
stage 3
Explanation:
Equipment:
The set of articles or physical resources serving to equip a person or thing: such as. (1) : the implements used in an operation or activity : apparatus. sports equipment.
Types and Examples:
Types of equipmentMaterial.Agricultural equipment. List of agricultural equipment.Audio equipment.Camping equipment.Capital equipment.Cricket equipment.Diving equipment.Computers, trucks and manufacturing machinery are all examples of equipment. They are tangible because they have a physical form—unlike intangible assets (such as patents, trademarks or copyrights) that do not.Equipment is a general time with a broader definition compared to tools and equipment. It refers to a set of tools needed to perform a specific task. People often use the word equipment as the plural form of tool. In this case, a collection of tools will be called equipment
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A scientist sets up an experiment to test which fertilizer has the best effect on increasing fruit size in a single variety of avocado trees. They grow one group of avocado trees using Fertilizer-A, one group using Fertilizer-B, one group using Fertilizer-C, and one group grown without any fertilizer. All the avocado trees are given the same amount of water and sunlight, and they are all grown during the same period of time. Which of the following is the independent variable in this experiment?
the type of fertilizer used
the size of the avocados
the amount of water,sunlight, and time
the amount of water only
Independent variables affect the dependent one. The researcher changes it to analyze how the dependent variable behaves when the independent one changes. The independent variable is the type of fertilizer (A, B, and C)
What is the independent variable?
Usually, when performing experiments, researchers must define the variables affecting the experiment. These are,
Dependent variablesIndependent variablesConstant variablesIndependent variables are the ones that influence or cause an effect on another variable.
The researcher is interested in knowing how the independent variable affects the dependent one, so changes the first one to observe how different values or states provoke a change in the other variable.
In the exposed example, the scientist wants to know which fertilizer has the best effect on fruit size.
Independent variable ⇒ fertilizers ⇒ Fertilizer-A, Fertilizer-B, Fertilizer-C. Fertilizers influence or affect the fruit size. Dependent variable ⇒ Fruit size ⇒ It changes according to the fertilizer.Constant variables ⇒ amount of water and sunlight, and growth period of time.You can learn more about independent variables at
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The change in Gibbs free energy for a particular reaction is MOST useful in determining
A) the amount of energy catalysts required for biosynthesis or catabolism.
B) the potential metabolic reaction rate.
C) whether there will be a requirement or production of energy.
D) energy stored in each compound.
When deciding whether energy will be created or used, the variation in free binding energy for a certain process is MOST useful.
What makes it free energy?Gibb's natural energy is often called free energy because it is always available. The reaction can acquire this energy if necessary without making any effort. To calculate the fluctuation in Gibb's free energy, enthalpy and the system's warm-entropy product are added.
What does ATP's free energy do?Normal circumstances result in the release of Gibbs free energy during the glycolysis reaction between glucose and oxygen. Energy is liberated since this reaction is exergonic. To exhaust this free energy, this reaction works in conjunction with other bodily processes.
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Which of the following mechanisms of controlling _ gene expression occurs outside of the nucleus? O adding cap and tail to RNA O DNA packingfunpacking O translation O RNA splicing
RNA splicing occurs outside of the nucleus.
The correct option is D.
RNA requires three different ways for translation, reading, and decoding. I would suggest that the cytoplasm, not the nucleus, should be the location of this awkwardly using RNA to help translation process. This splicing technique is appropriate. During this process, immature RNA is generated. They are immature. The nucleus is another location where this RNA slicing process occurs. That is the appropriate response. Translation is an extracellular process since it happens outside of the nucleus.
To hasten the translation of pre-mRNA into mRNA that codes for proteins, RNA splicing assembles the protein-coding regions (exons) and eliminates the intermediate, non-coding portions of genes (introns). Pre-mRNA splicing is a crucial step in the synthesis of mammalian genes and also significantly contributes to the variety of proteins. Since most genes undergo pre-mRNA splicing, most biological functions rely on properly functioning spliceosomes.
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Why can't the CDC experiment with the virus and make a vaccine?
The CDC would not experiment with the virus and make a vaccine because of the risk of infection as well as mutation of the virus to a more deadly form.
What is a vaccine?A vaccine is a biological treatment that offers active acquired immunity against a specific infectious or cancerous disease. Numerous studies and analyses have been done to confirm the efficacy and safety of vaccines.
Vaccines can be made from weakened pathogenic organisms or parts of the pathogenic organism which are then introduced into the body to elicit an immune response.
However, some viruses are so contagious that it is risky to experiment with them in order to produce vaccines from the weakened organism or parts of the organism.
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5. Water first percolates through the LARGE PORes between Soil PARtick
7. Then, water reaches the
beneath. tummot
DOBITI
3. Eventually, the water reaches the
soil are already_
od deviath
with water.
where the rocks and
5.) Water first percolates through the soil
7.) Then, water reaches the rocks beneath.
3.) Eventually, the water reaches the water where the rocks and soil are already saturated with water.
What is water ?Water can be defined as a universal solvent that is characterized by being odourless, tasteless and colourless and which is chemical made up of hydrogen and oxygen molecules.
When water is allowed to pass through the soil which is porous, it percolates through it to the rocks beneath the upper layers of the soil.
The movement of water through the soil is said to be saturated when there is no net movement of water through the soil.
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Complete question:
5.) Water first percolates through the ______
7.) Then, water reaches the ____ beneath.
3.) Eventually, the water reaches the ____ where the rocks and soil are already ____ with water.
Which of the following statements about the heart is false?
a. The mitral valve separates the left ventricle from the left atrium.
b. Blood travels through the bicuspid valve to the left atrium.
c. Both the aortic and the pulmonary valves are semilunar valves.
d. The mitral valve is an atrioventricular valve.
The following assertions about the heart are untrue. The bicuspid valve allows blood to pass from the right atrium to the left.
Which of the following descriptions of the heart is accurate?The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs while the left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from various body parts while the right atrium receives both types of blood as the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to various body parts.
The mitral valve divides which areas of the heart?The left atrium and left ventricle are where the mitral valve is located. Between the left ventricle and aorta is where the aortic valve is located.
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A studen is completing a Punnett square for trait (X/x) that is autosomal and inherited by the dominant allele. The father does not have it but the mother does. If they have two children, a son and a daughter, what would the completed Punnett square look like
In the observation, there is a 50% chance for each child to inherit the trait, (X/x) that is autosomal and inherited by the dominant allele.
What is autosomal dominant inheritance?Autosomal dominant inheritance is the way of passing genetic traits from parents to children.
The cross between Xx and xx.
Creating offspring with having 50% probability of having this character.
While the father xx lacks the feature, the mother XX does.
The cross is attached in the image below.
There are only two genotypes, Xx and xx, which occur equally frequently.
Therefore, the children have a 50% chance of inheriting the characteristic.
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The____________ produced by photosynthesis was toxic to many early organisms.
a.Carbon
b.Carbon Dioxide
c.Hydrogen
d.Oxygen
Answer:
I am pretty sure it was Oxygen.
Explanation:
2 billion years ago, when earth was supposedly formed, the atmosphere had slowly been altered by the gradual addition of oxygen, which proved to be fatal to the most common type of organism present on Earth at the time. {Sorry if it isn't correct.}
Answer:
D.Oxygen
Explanation:
Oxygen was proven to be fatal to the most common type of organisms present on the Earth at the time.
Which of the following glands are responsible for 70% of the synthesis of semen?
A) the seminal vesicles
B) the bulbourethral glands
C) the prostate
D) the pituitary
Option A) The seminal vesicles are responsible for 70% of the synthesis of semen.
Semen is a mixture of fluids that are released during ejaculation and contains sperm and other substances. The production of semen is a complex process involving several glands in the male reproductive system.
The seminal vesicles, located near the base of the bladder, produce about 70% of the fluid in semen. This fluid contains fructose, which provides energy for the sperm, and other substances such as prostaglandins and calcium.
The prostate gland, located just below the bladder and in front of the rectum, also contributes to the semen by secreting a fluid that helps to nourish and transport the sperm.
The bulbourethral glands, located below the prostate, secrete a small amount of a clear, slippery fluid that helps to lubricate the urethra and neutralize any acidity in the urethra before ejaculation.
The pituitary gland is not directly involved in semen production, it secretes hormones that regulate the other glands in the reproductive system.
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Taye, an eight-year-old boy, suddenly begins to complain of terrible abdominal cramps. His mother notes that he has a fever, and he begins to experience vomiting and diarrhea. Concerned because it seems to have come on so quickly, Taye’s mother takes him to the pediatrician. As he examines Taye and listens to the description of his symptoms, the pediatrician notes that it almost sounds like a salmonella poisoning to him. He asks Taye and his mother a few more questions to help him narrow down the cause. Considering that he suspects salmonella, which question would the pediatrician MOST likely ask Taye?
A.
Have you been eating a lot of ribeye steaks?
B.
Have you been playing in old barns or outbuildings?
C.
Do you have a turtle or snake at home?
D.
Have you recently traveled to a foreign country?
Answer:
UnlockUnlockUnlock
Explanation:
The question the pediatrician would MOST likely ask Taye, suspecting salmonella poisoning, is: C. Do you have a turtle or snake at home?
What is salmonella poisoning?Salmonella poisoning, also known as salmonellosis, is an infection caused by the bacteria of the Salmonella genus. It is typically contracted by consuming contaminated food or water, or by direct contact with infected animals or their environment.
Salmonella bacteria can be found in various raw or undercooked foods, especially eggs, poultry, meat, and dairy products. When ingested, the bacteria can cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal cramps, diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. The severity of the symptoms can vary from mild to severe, depending on the individual's immune system and the specific strain of Salmonella involved.
The infection usually resolves on its own within a week, but in some cases, it can lead to complications such as dehydration, bloodstream infection, or spread to other organs. Infants, young children, elderly individuals, and those with weakened immune systems are particularly vulnerable to severe complications.
Preventing salmonella poisoning involves practicing good hygiene, proper food handling and preparation, thorough cooking of foods, and avoiding cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods.
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EUKARYOTES VS PROKARYOTES
Directions: Drag the term prokaryote or eukaryote to the box that it applies to. If the
concept or structure applies to both eukaryotes & prokaryotes, drag the 'both' box.
Read the code from left to right to unlock the next section. You will have extras.
The correct match of each statement with its term is as follows:
Has ribosomes - Both eukaryotes and prokaryotesContains linear chromosomes - eukaryotesArchaeans - prokaryotesHas lysosomes - eukaryotescontains plasmids - prokaryoteshas a cell membrane - both eukaryotes and prokaryotesWhat are eukaryotes and prokaryotes?Eukaryotes are any of the single-celled or multicellular organisms of the taxonomic domain Eukaryota, whose cells contain at least one distinct nucleus.
On the other hand, prokaryotes are organisms whose cell (or cells) are characterized by the absence of a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes both contain cell membranes and ribosomes. However, only eukaryotes contains linear chromosomes compared to the circular chromosomes in their counterpart, lysosomes in their cells etc.
Archaeans are prokaryotic organisms similar to bacteria but are more adapted to extreme conditions.
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B) A green pigment present in all plants that absorbs light to provide energy for photosynthesis
Answer: A green pigment present in all plants that absorbs light to provide energy for photosynthesis is chlorophyll.
Explanation:
Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in almost all parts of plants. it is essential in the process of photosynthesis. It absorbs light in the blue and red parts of the visible spectrum, but it reflects green light.
However, as this pigment cannot absorb the green color spectrum, it tends to impart the green color to the plant tissues. CChlorophyll is located in plant cells called chloroplasts. These are special cells that are located in the thylakoid membrane compartments.
Green plants are green because they contain a pigment called chlorophyll. It absorbs certain wavelengths of light within the visible light spectrum. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light. There are two chlorophylls in plants that are critical for absorbing light:
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LIMITED TIME!!!! HELP PLEASE!!
The biological species concept emphasizes whether populations
Select one:
can mate with each other.
look the same
have similar ecological requirements.
share common ancestry.
Explain why leeches are not pathogens?
What do gradualism and punctuated equilibrium have in common?
They are both explanations of the rate of evolutionary change.
They are both explanations that were put forth by Darwin.
They both discredit the theory of evolution.
They both utilize radioactive dating over relative dating.
Answer: a
Explanation:..
Gradualism and punctuated equilibrium have in common as they are both explanations of the rate of evolutionary change.
Option A is correct.
Gradualism and punctuated:The evolution of a species can take place in two different ways: punctuated equilibrium and gradualism.
Selection and variation that occurs more gradually is referred to as "gradualism." It's hard to notice in a short amount of time. For the following reasons, organisms are chosen for small variations that are slightly more suited to their environment: Those with more of the helpful quality live to see another day, while those with less of it pass away.
Change occurs in spurts in punctuated equilibrium. There is a time when very little changes, and then one or a few big changes happen, usually through genetic mutations in a few people. Random changes in DNA that are passed on to subsequent generations rather than being inherited are known as mutations.
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Compare the amount of kinetic energy of particles in each state of matter.
Solids have the lowest kinetic energy so vibrate very little, Liquids have more kinetic energy so particles slide past each other while Gases have the most kinetic energy so fly around in the air.
What is matter?Matter is anything that takes up space and can be weighed. Matter has volume and mass.
Therefore matter is something that takes up space and has a mass. The three states of matter are solid, liquid and gaseous. Physical transition includes the conversion of a material from one state of matter to another without changing it's chemical composition.
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in a certain species of lizard, there are two alleles for eye color, and eyes can be either black or yellow. the black allele shows simple dominance over the yellow allele. two black eyed lizards are crossed, and the result is 72 black eyed lizards and 28 yellow-eyed lizards. your hypothesis is the black-eyed parents were bb x bb. assume that eye color is an autosomal trait in this species.
Your hypothesis that the black-eyed parents were bb x bb is correct. since the phenotype is only the observable trait and it does not reflect the underlying genotype.
This is because the black allele showing simple dominance over the yellow allele means that when two dominant black alleles (bb) are present, the resulting offspring will also have black eyes. In this case, the cross would produce a genotype ratio of 100% BB (black eyes) and 0% bb (yellow eyes) among the offspring. This genotype ratio is consistent with the observed phenotype ratio of 72 black eyed lizards and 28 yellow-eyed lizards.It is important to note that the phenotype ratio (72:28) does not match the genotype ratio (100:0) since the phenotype is only the observable trait and it does not reflect the underlying genotype.
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2. Describe how the structures of the nervous system are organized in a hierarchy.
Answer:
Functionally, the nervous system is organised hierarchically; this is analogous to a business corporation with workers and managers. The hierarchy consists of effectors (sensory and motor) and different levels of information processing and integration in the spinal cord, brainstem and forebrain.
Explanation:
The structures of the nervous system are organized in a hierarchy: the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system, where the brain is at the top, regulating most all functions of the body.
What is the significance of the hierarchy in the nervous system?The hierarchy is important in all aspects, including the nervous system, as it allows a division of labor that increases the efficiency of doing the task and works together to coordinate the body, the highest level of the hierarchy is the brain, which regulates most of the functions. The spinal cord carries out the reflex actions, and they both regulate the body.
Hence, the structures of the nervous system are organized in a hierarchy: the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system, where the brain is at the top, regulating most all functions of the body.
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Which of the following is not one of the steps of the PCR cycle?
a. The sample is heated to 72 degrees Celsius and DNA polymerase synthesizes new copies of DNA.
b. The sample is heated to about 95 degrees Celsius to separate the strands, so they can be replicated.
c. The sample is cooled to about 10 degrees Celsius to deactivate the DNA polymerase until the next step is ready.
d. The sample is cooled to about 50 degrees Celsius and the primers can bind to the single DNA strands.
Option C is correct. Cooling the sample to about 10 degrees Celsius to deactivate the DNA polymerase is not one of the steps of a PCR cycle.
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) involves choosing a portion of the genome to be amplified utilizing short synthetic Fragments of DNA called primers, and amplifying that segment using several rounds of DNA synthesis.
There is three easy phases of every DNA synthesis reaction
(1) denaturing the template into single strands;
(2) annealing primers to each template DNA strand for new strand synthesis; and
(3) extending the new DNA strands from the primers.
In PCR, DNA is heated to a temperature of 94–98°C to denature it into single strands.
Then cooled to a temperature of 50–64°C to allow primer binding.
And finally raised to a temperature of 72–80°C to enable the polymerase to synthesis the complementary strand to produce double-stranded DNA.
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