Humans did not evolve from Neanderthals, but rather share a common ancestor.
Who were the Neanderthals?Neanderthals were a different species of human that lived in Europe and Asia from about 400,000 to 40,000 years ago. They were physically different from modern humans, with larger brains and bodies, and they had different cultural practices.
Though, Neanderthals and modern humans did interbreed, and about 2% of the DNA of modern humans outside of Africa is Neanderthal DNA. This suggests that Neanderthals and modern humans were not completely isolated from each other, and that they may have even lived in the same communities at times.
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Arrange the steps of phagocytosis in the correct order: A. Phagosome B. Physical Contact C. Digestion D. Phagolysosome E. Outflowing of Cytoplasm F. Excretion
The steps of phagocytosis in the correct order: B. Physical Contact A. Phagosome C. Digestion D. Phagolysosome E. Outflowing of Cytoplasm F. Excretion
What is phagocytosis?Phagocytosis is a cellular process for ingesting and eliminating particles larger than 0.5 μm in diameter, including microorganisms, foreign substances, and apoptotic cells.An amoeba or other free-living single cell could make up the phagocyte, or it could be one of the body's cells like a white blood cell.
The steps of phagocytosis:Chemotaxis
- movement in response to chemical stimulation
- pseudopods move toward microorganisms at the site of infection
Adherence
- attachment to a microbe
Ingestion
- engulfing pathogen with pseudopodia wrapping around pathogen
- pathogen is placed into a vesicle (phagosome) that contains lysozyme
Digestion
- phagosome maturation
- lysozyme merges w/phagosome>releases digestive enzymes>becomes a phagolysosome
- microbes are usually killed at this point
Elimination
- phagocytes eliminate the remaining pieces of microbe via exocytosis
- some components are saved to alert the immune system if the pathogen were to try and invade again.
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We used the enzyme, taq polymerase, which is derived from the thermus aquaticus bacterium, in our pcr procedure. Why is this enzyme important for efficiency in pcr?.
The PCR amplification process most frequently employs an enzyme known as Taq DNA polymerase.
Taq Polymerase, or Taq DNA polymerase, is a biological catalyst that helps nucleotides join together to form DNA. Taq polymerase is a protein that is 832-amino acids long and has a molecular weight of 94 kilodaltons. It is a homolog of the Pol I DNA polymerase that is found in Escherichia coli (E.coli) (approx). This enzyme can withstand temperatures up to 95 degrees Celsius for 40 minutes before reaching its half-life. At the ideal temperature of 72 degrees Celsius, the rate of nucleotide incorporation ranges from two to four kilobases per minute.
Polymerase chain reaction operates at a very high temperature. At this temperature, Taq polymerase is able to carry out its function efficiently.
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When a molecule regulates the activity of an enzyme by binding to a site outside of the active site, it is known as a/an
By allosteric regulation an enzyme might be activated or inhibited. When a molecule regulates the activity of an enzyme by binding to a site outside of the active site, it is known as an allosteric molecule.
What is an allosteric molecule?Allosteric regulation occurs when molecules bind to the enzyme on another side, which is not the binding site. This is the allosteric site, and molecules binding to these sites are the allosteric molecules.
Allosteric molecules can be either,
Allosteric inhibitors → inhibit the enzyme activity by not letting the substrate get attached to the enzyme.Allosteric inhibition is non-competitive inhibition because the allosteric molecule does not compete directly with the substrate.
It attaches to the enzyme at another site, impeding the substrate to bind the enzyme and turning off its function.
Allosteric activators → change the active site and make it more efficient to bind the substrate.Allosteric activation is a cooperative process in which the enzyme function is enhanced. Some substrates can even work as allosteric activators for other active binding sites.
Allosteric enzymes can change their conformation, exhibiting active and inactive conformations as a result of substrate binding at the activated center and regulatory molecules at other binding sites -allosteric centers-.
According to this framework, When a molecule regulates the activity of an enzyme by binding to a site outside of the active site, it is known as an allosteric molecule.
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Including the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coA, how many NADH, FADH2, ATP, and GTP molecules are produced during the kreb’s cycle?
Similar to the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, each pyruvate molecule loses a carbon atom with the release of carbon dioxide. During the decomposition of pyruvate, electrons move to NAD + to produce NADH. It is used by cells to produce ATP.
NADH: Three molecules are produced in the Kleb circuitFADH2: One molecule is produced in the Kleb circuitATP or GTP: From each molecule of pyruvate during the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinic acid Two molecules of ATP are produced. The presence of the enzyme succinyl-CoA synthetase.Learn more about conversion of pyruvate here:https://brainly.com/question/4198225
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During the relaxation period, Ca2 is re-sequestered into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by Group of answer choices Ca2 ATPases T-tubules Ca2 channels voltage gated channels
During the relaxation period, Ca2 is re-sequestered into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by Ca2+ AtPAse.
During relaxation, Ca2+ is actively transported by the Ca2+ ATPase, from the cytosol into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.Each time we move a muscle, trillions of myosin motors work together to make that movement possible. Calcium ions are used by our muscle cells to coordinate this significant molecular effort.Muscles can unwind using the calcium pump following this frantic burst of calcium-induced contraction. The sarcoplasmic reticulum's membrane contains the pump. Sometimes it is so abundant that it may account for 90% of the protein there. By returning calcium ions to the sarcoplasmic reticulum with the help of ATP, the muscle is able to relax by lowering the calcium concentration surrounding the actin and myosin filaments. Similar pumps can be found in the cell membrane of the majority of cells, and calcium ions are also used for signaling inside other cells.learn more about sarcoplasmic reticulum here: https://brainly.com/question/10596906
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Ca2 is re-sequestered into the sarcoplasmic reticulum during the relaxation period by Ca2+ ATPase.
What do you mean by sarcoplasmic reticulum?Similar to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in other cells, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a membrane-bound structure found in muscle cells. The SR's primary job is to hold calcium ions (Ca2+). The concentration of calcium ions within a cell is 10,000 times lower than the concentration of calcium ions outside the cell, ensuring that calcium ion levels are kept relatively constant.
Fish cardiomyocytes have various types of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR): junctional SR(jSR). free SR (fSR)The sarcolemmal network or the t-tubular network is peripherally coupled with jSR paperwork. Rows of proteins referred to as "feet" are seen between the 2 membranes in peripheral connections where the jSR profile coincides with the sarcolemma or t-tubule. These proteins function as ryanodine receptor channels that are launched by Ca2+. Because fSR is not closely connected to any other membrane system, it may be found anywhere in the cardiomyocyte.
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Begin at the ovaries of susie and the testes of billy.track the processes of ovulation for susie and ejaculation of billy.
Ovulation and ejaculation are the processes that involve the release of the female and male gamete for the process of fertilization.
Ovulation
The release of an egg from one of a woman's ovaries is known as ovulation.Ovulation usually lasts for one day and takes place two weeks before a woman anticipates getting her period, in the midst of her menstrual cycle. However, the procedure takes a different amount of time for every woman, and it might even change from month to month. A sperm cell can fertilize an egg when it exits a woman's ovary and enters the fallopian tube. Sperm can survive for three to five days inside a woman's reproductive system.The uterine walls thicken during ovulation in order to accommodate a fertilized egg. On the other hand, if the egg is not fertilized, the uterine lining is lost around two weeks later, which results in menstruation.Ejaculation
Ejaculation, the male reproductive system's discharge of sperm cells and seminal plasma. Sperm are transported from the testicles and the epididymis, where they are stored, to the beginning of the urethra, a hollow tube that runs through the pen!s and transports either sperm or urine. In the second stage, known as the actual ejaculation, the semen is transported through the urethra and expelled from the body.learn more about Ovulation and ejaculation here: https://brainly.com/question/13349245
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"Grasslands have about half the productivity of tropical rainforests, yet this is achieved with less than a tenth of the biomass (grasslands are more productive per unit of biomass). Suggest how this greater efficiency is achieved."
Grasslands achieve more productivity than tropical rainforests because there is less competition for space and sunlight.
What is primary productivity?Primary productivity refers to the process which results dues to the photosynthetic activity of the plants. Primary productivity determines biomass.
Grasslands are able to achieve more productivity than tropical rainforests because there is less competition for space and sunlight.
In conclusion, the more the competition for space and sunlight, the less the productivity.
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Bacteria can make their own folic acid, which is required for nucleic acid synthesis, but humans cannot and instead have to ingest folic acid. Trimethoprim is an antimicrobial drug that inhibits one of the enzymes involved in making folic acid. This drug inhibits the growth of bacterial cells but not human cells. This is an example of
This drug inhibits the growth of bacterial cells but not human cells. This is an example of the selective toxicity of antibiotics.
Folic acid is an essential component for all cells to synthesize nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Human cells do not synthesize folic acid and they take it through food. Bacterial cells are impermeable to folic acid and hence they need to synthesize their own folic acid.
Antibiotics target the metabolic pathway of folic acid synthesis in bacteria by inhibiting one of the enzymes in this pathway. These drugs are only toxic to bacteria but not to humans because humans do not have the folic acid synthesis pathway and hence they do not get affected by the action of the antibiotic. This is known as the selective toxicity of antibiotics.
These antibiotics are designed in a way to target the infecting agent (bacteria) while rendering minimal or no toxicity to the host (humans).
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Plants known as Angiosperms first appeared in the Cretaceous and are characterized as having ____________.
Which is a common characteristic of both nuclear and conventional electric power plants?
A nuclear and a convention electric power plant has steam turbines.
What are the characteristics of nuclear and conventional electric power plants?Electricity generation is the main objective of conventional coal-fired power plants and nuclear power plants.
In both kinds of power plants, the turbines are typically used to transform thermal energy into electrical power and are both driven by steam. The source of heat used to generate steam is the only fundamental distinction between a nuclear power plant and a normal coal-fired power plant.
The energy generated during combustion, which breaks chemical bonds, is the source of heat in a conventional power plant.
The nuclear fission process, which involves the breaking of nuclear bonds, is the source of heat in nuclear power plants.
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100. points: out of these choices, what memories are declarative memories, and what are the hardest memories to remember if one has lost its hippocampus?
Answer choices:
Deciding on his favorite ice cream
Recalling a synonym for the opposite of the word "good"
Riding a bicycle
Conveying the nature of his condition
The hardest memories to remember if someone has lost their hippocampus is remembering a synonym for the opposite of the word "good"
Remembering a synonym for the opposite of the word "good"What is the hippocampus?The hippocampus is involved in the formation of new memories and is also associated with learning and emotions. The hippocampus plays a critical role in forming, organizing and storing new memories, as well as connecting certain sensations and emotions to those memories.
With this information, we can conclude that The hippocampus is a part of the brain that is involved in emotions, learning, and memory formation.
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How many atp molecules are produced in the transition period during cellular respiration
32 ATP molecules are produced in the transition period during cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration is a series of metabolic reactions and processes that occur within the cells of an organism, converting chemical energy from nutrients to adenosine triphosphate and releasing waste products.
Cell respiration is a series of metabolic reactions and processes that occur within the cells of an organism to convert chemical energy from nutrients to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and release waste products.
Cell respiration is the process by which organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to produce chemical energy for cell function. Cellular respiration occurs not only in animal, plant, and fungal cells but also in algae and other protists.
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Which of the following best describes a population?
All of the seagulls that live along the coast would best describe a population.
What is a population?A biological population refers to a group of organisms of the same species living in a particular area at a particular time.
In other words, there can be more than one population of organisms in an area if more than one species of organisms occupy that area.
Thus, seagulls represent a species of organism. All of the seagulls living in an area will, therefore, constitute a population of seagulls.
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What intensity (percent of 1RM) is most closely associated with the training adaptation of muscle hypertrophy? Less than 67 percent of 1RM 67 to 85 percent of 1RM Greater than 85 percent of 1RM 75 to 85 percent of 1RM
The intensity which is most closely associated with the training adaptation of muscle hypertrophy is 67 to 85 percent of 1RM and is denoted as option B.
What is Hypertrophy?This type of muscle growth is observed in the enlargement of its overall size and volume as a result of various forms of stimuli such as external force from different types of load etc.
When performing exercises, load is carried by the muscles which increases its tendency to expand due to the stimulation of more structural proteins to the area as a result of it being stretched. This is however optimal when the individual attains about 67 to 85 percent of one-rep max when performing physical activities.
This is therefore the reason why option B was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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Which documents have phi on them. select all that apply: a. student brain/report sheet c. nor d. assignment sheet
The documents have phi on them is student brain/report sheet. The correct option is a.
What is PHI?According to U.S. law, protected health information is any data about a person's health status, the delivery of healthcare, or payment for healthcare that was generated or gathered by a covered entity.
Protected health information is referred to as PHI. The HIPAA Privacy Rule grants patients a range of rights with regard to personal health information kept by covered companies and offers federal protections for that information.
Any information in a medical file or other designated record set that can be used to uniquely identify a person is considered protected health information (PHI). Student report sheet and student brain are both included in the publications.
Thus, the correct option is a.
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Floridation of drinking water helped to reduce water-borne infections like cholera and typhoid in the United States. True False
The given statement that Fluoridation of drinking water helped to reduce water-borne infections like cholera and typhoid in the United States holds true
What is Fluoridation of water?Fluoridation is the carefully regulated addition of fluoride to a public water supply with the sole purpose of lowering tooth decay. Fluoride is added to or naturally occurs in fluoridated water at a level that is beneficial for preventing cavities. Fluoridated water affects dental surfaces in two ways: in the mouth, it produces small amounts of fluoride in saliva, which slows down the demineralization of tooth enamel and speeds up its remineralization in the early stages of cavities. In the United States, adding a fluoride substance to drinking water typically costs $1.17 per person per year.
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Some proteins in the ______ use the energy of the electrons donated by nadh and fadh2 to pump protons (h ) into the intermembrane compartment of the mitochondrion.
Some proteins in the electron transport chain use the energy of the electrons donated by nadh and fadh2 to pump protons (h ) into the intermembrane compartment of the mitochondrion.
Electron transport chain means a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions which usually creates an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation
What are proteins?Proteins simply refers to those nitrogenous organic compounds or substances which have large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids
So therefore, some proteins in the electron transport chain use the energy of the electrons donated by nadh and fadh2 to pump protons (h ) into the intermembrane compartment of the mitochondrion
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How much total atp can be created by the complete anaerobic & aerobic metabolism of 1 molecule of glucose?
38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidized glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system).
Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and approaches that take vicinity in the cells of organisms to convert chemical strength from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions, which break large molecules into smaller ones, releasing strength.
Respiration is one of the key approaches a cellular releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity. The general reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps, some of which might be redox reactions. Although cellular respiration is technically a combustion response, it's far an unusual one because of the slow, managed release of strength from the series of reactions.
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How much faster than normal extinction have humans caused extinction rates to climb?
Record your observations of the roots of the bean and radish plants in the appropriate data chart. Be sure to include a sketch of each plant’s roots.
Data Chart: Bean Plant
Nodules present?
Number of nodules
Number of pink nodules
Number of green nodules
Sketch roots and nodules here or on a separate piece of paper
Data Chart: Radish Plant
Nodules present?
Similarities to bean roots
Differences from bean roots
Sketch roots here or on a separate piece of paper
1) Generally speaking, bean plants have fewer than 100 nodules, soybean plants have several hundred, and peanut plants can have 1,000 nodules or more. Cut-open nodules from a legume displaying the reddish-pink colour of an active, healthy nodule.
2) Both of them have roots that extend far into the cup in an effort to find food to survive. Both of them have nodules.
3) The radish just occupies the cup's centre; the beans basically fill the entire space. not as many nodules as a bean plant.
what are nodules ?
On the roots of plants, particularly legumes, that collaborate with bacteria that fix nitrogen, root nodules can be seen. Capable plants develop a symbiotic association with rhizobia, a host-specific strain of bacteria, when nitrogen is scarce.
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When a neuron isn't being
stimulated it sits in a
A. excited
B. sodium pumped
C. resting
potential state.
Correct option is A)
There are electrical and concentration gradients in neurons that induce the sodium ions to enter the cell. The resting potential is maintained because the channels for sodium ions are closed. The membrane remains impermeable to sodium ions in the rest state. The membrane is more permeable to potassium passage. The potassium ions leak through the membrane at a greater rate than sodium enters. There is loss of positively charged ions from the inner part of the cell membrane. The inner part of the membrane carries a relatively more negative charge than the outer part of the cell membrane.
Thus, the correct answer is option A.
A broken neck leading to a severed spinal cord will completely block brain control of which systems responsible for maintaining body homeostasis?
Answer:
Sympathetic nervous system
Explain the sequence of events that occur in secondary succession as you would to a friend who had not yet learned about the process
The sequence of events that occur in secondary succession include:
Pioneer speciesIntermediate speciesClimax community.What is Secondary succession?This usually occurs when the primary succession has been disrupted through factors such as wildfire etc.
In this scenario, the existing vegetation is present which gives rise to the species listed above.
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How might this factory affect the carbon and water cycle? a photo shows smoke coming out from industrial chimneys against the backdrop of a clear morning sky. the factory can affect the carbon cycle by releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. because carbon dioxide is a , it can trap the sun’s heat in the atmosphere. because the factory is made of concrete, it may deplete groundwater levels over time by not allowing water to .
The factory might affect the carbon and water cycle by:
Greenhouse gas and infiltrate.What is Greenhouse gas?
A greenhouse gas is a gas that reflects heat in all directions while absorbing infrared radiation (IR).
The atmosphere of the earth contains greenhouse gases, which absorb solar IR and then emit it.
Along with heat from the sun that has entered the atmosphere, some of the heat emitted makes it to the earth.
What is the Carbon Cycle?
The continual flow or movement of inorganic and organic carbon molecules and compounds in the atmosphere and other parts of the globe is known as the carbon cycle.
What is the role of carbon in nature?One of the greenhouse gas's components, carbon dioxide, is what causes the planet's temperature to rise and cause global warming. They significantly trap solar heat, warming the planet's atmosphere.
Because greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen keep the planet's temperature stable, they contribute significantly to global warming.
Hence, the correct answers are:
Greenhouse gas and infiltrate.Learn more about greenhouse gas:
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Answer:
Shortened answer:
1. Greenhouse Gas
2. Infiltrate
Explanation:
Hope it helped
Environmentalists are monitoring an area of tropical forest. They made the following graph to predict the effect of deforestation on this area over the next 20 years. What would a graph of carbon dioxide absorption look like for this forested area
A line that is decreasing would be a graph of carbon dioxide absorption for this forested area.
Environmentalists made the graph to predict the effect of deforestation on this area over the next 20 years. Due to deforestation, the number of trees will be decreased and hence the carbon dioxide absorption also decreases.
Photosynthesis is the process through which plants take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, combine it with water and light, and produce carbohydrates.
It is commonly known that the rate of photosynthesis rises as atmospheric CO₂ levels rise.
But if the number of trees decreases, then there will be less photosynthesis and that's why carbon dioxide absorption also decreases.
Hence, A line that is decreasing would be a graph of carbon dioxide absorption for this forested area.
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Which answer correctly compares the primary transcript in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell with the functional mRNA
The size of the primary transcript in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell is longer than the size of the functional mRNA.
The primary mRNA transcript present in the nucleus is obtained from DNA template sequence transcription. The primary transcript is said to be inactive due to the presence of some non-functional regions (introns) within.
To obtain a functional mRNA from the primary transcript, introns are spliced or removed from the primary transcript with the help of RNA alternative splicing. This leads to the joining of the functional segments (exons) in the mRNA transcript. This joint segment of exons is the modified active form of primary transcript known as the functional mRNA, which is comparatively shorter in length.
Hence, we can conclude that the size of the functional mRNA is shorter than the primary transcript in a eukaryotic cell.
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Your classmate has indicated that she wants to experiment with growing tomatoes hydroponically. She is planning to grow the plants in water. What could you suggest to increase her chances of success with the hydroponic method
The hydroponic method involves growing the tomatoes in a nutrient solution which contains all of the essential elements.
The practise of growing plants without the need for soil is known as hydroponics. Flowers, herbs, and vegetables grown hydroponically are planted in inert growing material and are then given nutrient-rich solutions, oxygen, and water throughout the growing process. The use of this technique results in accelerated growth increased yields, and improved quality. When a plant is growing in soil, the roots of the plant are always looking for the nutrients it needs to survive in order to provide for the plant's needs. If the root system of a plant is provided with direct access to water and nutrients, the plant does not need to expend any energy in order to maintain its own life. It is possible to focus the energy that the plant's roots would have spent obtaining food and water toward the growth of the plant instead. As a direct consequence of this, the development of new leaves and the blossoming of fruits and flowers are both stimulated.
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What property of carbon makes it able to form large macromolecules?
O Carbon can form five or more bonds with other carbon atoms in chains and rings.
O Carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds with other carbon atoms.
O Carbon can form three triple bonds, two double bonds, or one single bond with other carbon atoms.
O Carbon can form hydrogen bonds between molecules to make larger molecules.
B: Carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds with other carbon atoms.
The mineral-based pigment called ____, was used by early modern homo sapiens to color many artifacts and features.
The mineral-based pigment called Ochre was used by early modern Homo sapiens to color many artifacts and features.
It was used by early modern homo sapiens to color many artifacts and features. This is the most common use by modern humans, especially archaeologists, as any iron rich rock that can be used as a pigment.
The two effects of dividing food-gathering labor, the camp and the dependence of the gender on each other beyond reproduction, were the first great steps toward modern human culture. Sharing of resources and its concomitant division of labor led to a divergence in both the biological and cultural evolution.
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A student camping in a wilderness area where Rocky Mountain spotted fever is endemic discovers a tick on her leg. She easily removed it because it had just attached to her leg. What is her risk for contracting RMSF
The risk of contracting RMSF is very low, because Rickettsia is activated only after hours of feeding.
What is Rock Mountain Spotted Fever?A tick bite can transmit the bacterial sickness known as Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). It results in nausea, vomiting, a spike in temperature of 102 to 103°F, headache, abdominal pain, rash, and aches and pains.
In the US, RMSF is regarded as the most dangerous infection transmitted by ticks. Even though the infection can be properly treated with antibiotics, delaying treatment might result in catastrophic harm to internal organs or even death. By avoiding tick bites or quickly removing a tick that has already bit you, you can lower your risk.
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