Answer:
Hepato- and nephrotoxicity of fluoride have been demonstrated in animals, but few studies have examined potential effects in humans. This population-based study examines the relationship between chronic low-level fluoride exposure and kidney and liver function among United States (U.S.) adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate whether greater fluoride exposure is associated with altered kidney and liver parameters among U.S. youth.
This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2016). We analyzed data from 1983 and 1742 adolescents who had plasma and water fluoride measures respectively and did not have kidney disease. Fluoride was measured in plasma and household tap water. Kidney parameters included estimated glomerular filtration rate (calculated by the original Schwartz formula), serum uric acid, and the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio. Liver parameters were assessed in serum and included alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and albumin. Survey-weighted linear regression examined relationships between fluoride exposure and kidney and liver parameters after covariate adjustment. A Holm-Bonferroni correction accounted for multiple comparisons.
The average age of adolescents was 15.4 years. Median water and plasma fluoride concentrations were 0.48 mg/L and 0.33 μmol/L respectively. A 1 μmol/L increase in plasma fluoride was associated with a 10.36 mL/min/1.73 m2 lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (95% CI: −17.50, −3.22; p = 0.05), a 0.29 mg/dL higher serum uric acid concentration (95% CI: 0.09, 0.50; p = 0.05), and a 1.29 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95%CI: −1.87, −0.70; p < 0.001). A 1 mg/L increase in water fluoride was associated with a 0.93 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95% CI: −1.44, −0.42; p = 0.007).
Fluoride exposure may contribute to complex changes in kidney and liver related parameters among U.S. adolescents. As the study is cross-sectional, reverse causality cannot be ruled out; therefore, altered kidney and/or liver function may impact bodily fluoride absorption and metabolic processes.
hope this helps
rate brainiest
Mendel found that yellow pea pod color (G) was dominant to green pea pod color (g), and that round seeds (W) were dominant to wrinkled seeds (w). What percentage of each of the phenotypes below are expected from the following cross? GGww x GgWw
Yellow and round
A.
0%
B.
25%
C.
33%
D.
50%
E.
66%
F.
75%
G.
100%
-
Yellow and wrinkled
-
Green and round
-
Green and wrinkled
Answer:
50% Yellow and Round
50% Yellow and Wrinkled
0% Green and Round
0% Green and Wrinkled
Explanation:
Checking both characteristics on each own we have that
For pea pod colour,
[tex]\begin{center}\begin{tabular}{ | c | c | c| } & G & g \\ G & GG & Gg \\ G & GG & Gg \end{tabular}\end{center}[/tex]
Since Yellow (G) is dominant over Green (g) we have that:
GG - Yellow
Gg - Yellow
100% would be Yellow
For seeds format,
[tex]\begin{center}\begin{tabular}{ | c | c | c| } & w & w \\ W & Ww & Ww \\ w & ww & ww \end{tabular}\end{center}[/tex]
Since Round (W) is dominant over Wrinkled (w) we have that:
Ww - Round
ww - Wrinkled
50% would be Round and 50% would be Wrinkled
Ostriches and gazelles feed next to each other. They both watch for predators and alert each other to danger. Since the visual abilities of the two species are different, they each can identify threats the other animal would not as readily see.
commensalism, parasitism, or mutualism
Answer: This would be an example of mutualism.
Explanation: Mutualism is when, in a certain situation, benefits both organisms. The gazelles and ostritches in this situation are both watching for predators and are making sure to alert each other to the danger that could spring nearby. Both of these animals can locate predators in different ways. Ostritches are capable of seeing predators from in the tall grasses, while the gazelles are able to hear predators with their great hearing. Together, these two creatures make a great defense. Both the gazelles and ostritches benefit. This is known as mutualism.
Species that can live in many different places and eat a variety of food are
K-selected species
r-selected species
specialist species
generalist species
Answer:
generalist species
Explanation:
Specialists eat only one type of food, but generalists will eat many kinds of food. K-selection and R-selection have to do with reproduction, not nutrition.
Mendel's experiments discovered that one parent's trait disappeared in the F1 generation, only to reappear in one quarter of the F2 generation. Which of the following best explains this pattern of inheritance?
A) A sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited trait because allele pairs segregate during gamete production.
B) There are alternative forms of genes that account for variation in inherited characteristics.
C) If the two alleles of an inherited pair differ, then one determines the organism's appearance and is the dominant allele.
D) For each characteristic, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent.
The statement that best explains the pattern of inheritance described above is that if the two alleles of an inherited pair differ, then one determines the organism's appearance and is the dominant allele (option C).
What is an allele?Allele is the alternative form of the same gene occupying a given position, or locus, on a chromosome.
According to Gregor Mendel in his law of inheritance, he deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits.
Dominant alleles are alleles that are physically expressed while the recessive alleles are those that are masked by the dominant alleles.
According to this question, Mendel discovered that one parent's trait disappeared in the F1 generation of his experiment, only to reappear in one quarter (¼) of the F2 generation.
This is as a result of the concept of dominance or recessiveness in the allele encoding the particular trait. The dominant allele expressed itself over the recessive one in the F1 generation.
Learn more about inheritance at: https://brainly.com/question/4520267
#SPJ1
How has our throw away consumer lifestyle affected the environment?
Answer:
human impact the physical environment in many ways.over population ,pollution ,burning fossil fuel etc.changes like these have triggered climate change,soil erosion,flood ,landslides etc...This is for the farmers I guess
My chick is growing hair out of its feet but did now start til 3 weeks is this normal and if so can I have a breed
If the puppy is growing out fur, for up to 3 weeks, this is normal, some dog breeds need different coat growth times.
What is good for a dog's fur to grow?There are supplements to improve the dog's hair and others that guarantee a general improvement for the health of your companion. Vitamin complexes and essential fatty acids are the most common and recommended. Always look for a veterinarian to indicate the best supplement for your case.
With this information, we can conclude that if the puppy is letting its fur grow, for up to 3 weeks, this is normal, some dog breeds need different coat growth times.
Learn more about fatty acids in brainly.com/question/13528495
Explain how the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half during meiosis in which the diploid parent cell produces haploid daughter cells.
please help short answer, please 50 points please don't copy my life depends on this
It happens through 3 stages
InterphaseMeiosis 1Meiosis 2In Meiosis one the cell produces diploid daughter cells by combining homogeneous and heterogeneous chromosomes.
In Meiosis two these diploids again tear apart to produce haploid daughter cells
what is is the attraction of water molecule to each other
Which feature is common to both living cells and viruses?
A. capsid
B. cytoplasm
C. nucleic acid
D. ribosome
it's c. nucleic acid.
Answer:
c
Explanation:
Which of the following animals are examples of vertebrates?
a. elephants, snakes, sea sponge, earthworms b. humans, hawks, sun fish, bullfrogs
c. humans, ants, spiders, bullfrogs
d. butterflies, clams, earthworms, jellyfish
Answer:
B: humans, hawks, sunfish, bullfrogs
Explanation:
Scientists base many of their investigations on questions that test accepted theories. Which outcome of an investigation
would cause a scientist to ask a different question?
O The observed results are different from the expected results.
The investigation had many sources of error.
O Another scientist proposed the same theory.
O The expected results could be explained in different ways.
A: The observed results are different from the expected results.
This is a multiple choice question )Which of the following is an example of a phenotype?
A. The actual Height of a organism
B. The gene that determines the height of an organism
C. all the heights a organism could possibly be
Answer:
The correct answer should be C
HELP PLEASE!
In pea plants, petal coloration of has a complete dominance relationship where purplepetals are dominant over white petals. There are 276 plants, 273 have purple petals.Find: the frequency of the dominant and recessive alleles and the frequency ofindividuals with the dominant, heterozygous, and recessive genotype.
Answer: See below
Explanation:
In the selected pea plant population, there are total 276 plants out of them 273 have purple petals.
Remaining 276 - 273 = 3
q²= 3/276
q²= 0.010
q = 0.1
p + q = 1
p = 1 - 0.1
p = 0.9
Therefore:
Homo-zygous dominant = p² = 0.9×0.9 = 0.81
Hetero-zygous dominant = 2pq = 2×0.9×0.1 = 0.18
Homo-zygous recessive = q² = 0.1×0.1 = 0.010
The graph here shows a generalized population of deer on plateau. The primary food source for these deer is grasses on plateau. The area has been cleared of natural predators to the deer. Which statement Best explains what happens after point B on the graph?
Answer:
D) In the absence of natural predators, the deer overgrazed on their grasses, leading to an overshoot and die off in the population when they exceeded carrying capacity.
Answer:
d
Explanation:
d
Where in a cell does most ATP production take place?
A. Cell wall
B. Mitochondria
C. Lysosomes
D. Nucleus
Answer: B
Answer:
Mitochondria
Explanation:
Most of the oxidative metabolism and ATP production occurs in mitochondria.
Where is groundwater located?
1) throughout the earth’s surface
2) above the earth’s surface
3) below the earth’s surface
4)on the earth’s surface
Answer:
Groundwater located; 3. below the earth's surface
Explanation:
It can be found in the pore spaces between grains in sediments and rocks, as well as in fractures and voids in rocks, underground.
Is the highlighted group a class or a clade?
A.
It is a clade, because not all of the descendants of the ancestral species are included.
B.
It is a class, because not all of the descendants of the ancestral species are included.
C.
It is a clade, because the cladogram does not show that the group is descended from a common ancestor.
D.
It is a class, because the cladogram does not show that the group is descended from a common ancestor.
Although we do not have access to the diagram to provide a complete answer, we can confirm that a clade is when all members of the group being highlighted belong to a common ancestor.
What is a clade?As stated, this is when the members of a depicted group belong to the same ancestor. It would be a clade if the organisms present are all descendants of a common ancestor, such as the class Aves or birds.
Therefore, we can confirm that a clade is when all members of the group being highlighted belong to a common ancestor.
To learn more about taxonomy visit:
https://brainly.com/question/715807?referrer=searchResults
Which wave has a longer wavelength? * 1 point Captionless Image Wave A Wave B
Answer:
wave B
Explanation:
:):)
the peripheral nervous system includes
A. All Nerves outside the central nervous system
B. the Brain and the spinal cord
C. the spinal cord and all of the nerve
D. all of the nerves contained within the body
Answer:
A.
Explanation:
The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.
Where is oxygen added to the blood?
Answer:
Answer: Inside the air sacs, oxygen moves across paper-thin walls to tiny blood vessels called capillaries and into your blood. A protein called hemoglobin in the red blood cells then carries the oxygen around your body.
True or false? Prokaryotic cells are simple and make up single-cellular and multi-cellular organisms.
Answer: False
Answer:
TRUE BECAUSE SINGLE CELLULAR ARE ORGANSISM.
Explanation:
I DONT NEED POINT IS THI INCORRECT YU CAN REPLY TO ME AND DELETE THIS
Instructions:
Place a T beside those statements you think are true and an F beside those statements you think are false.
Anticipation Statements:
Global warming can be stopped if we stop air pollution today.
The greenhouse effect is a new phenomenon causing global warming.
The health of our climate depends on ocean and air circulation.
The seasonal melting and freezing of sea ice disrupt climate patterns.
Ozone in the stratosphere needs to be removed from the atmosphere.
Answer:
1. T
2. F
3.T
4. F
5. F
Explanation:
trust me these are the right answer
Global warming can be stopped if we stop air pollution today. The given statement is true.
The greenhouse effect is a new phenomenon causing global warming. The given statement is false.
The health of our climate depends on ocean and air circulation. Thus, the given statement is true.
The seasonal melting and freezing of sea ice disrupt climate patterns. Thus, the given statement is false.
Ozone in the stratosphere needs to be removed from the atmosphere. Thus, the given statement is false.
What is global warming?
The term global warming has defined as the heating of globe due to excess air pollution and other factors. There are main two reasons and effects of Global warming on Global Climate are such as Global warming has been caused by two reasons man-made and natural reason well it is man-made reasons which cause much Global warming, for example, Burning fossil fuels and gases like Carbon dioxide cause Global Warming.
Global warming would be having a huge impact on our planet's climate today. the slowly increase of earth's temperature causing serious problems such as floods, temperature rise and sea-level rise.
Therefore, Global warming can be stopped if we stop air pollution today. The given statement is true.
The greenhouse effect is a new phenomenon causing global warming. The given statement is false.
The health of our climate depends on ocean and air circulation. Thus, the given statement is true.
The seasonal melting and freezing of sea ice disrupt climate patterns. Thus, the given statement is false.
Ozone in the stratosphere needs to be removed from the atmosphere. Thus, the given statement is false.
Learn more about global warming on:
https://brainly.com/question/3553382
#SPJ2
Enzymes are proteins that ...
A. Have specific shapes that matter
B.Can only break things down
C.Can only be used one time
D.have names that end with ose
Answer:A.
Explanation:
Enzymes have a specific shape for an active site so for the function to happen the specific shape for the substrate that can fit in the active site is needed for them to connect and propose a function.
Engineering and work practice controls have evolved primarily
Engineering and work practice controls have evolved primarily: To teach the hierarchy and application of preventive strategies To enforce compliance by housekeeping and maintenance departments To comply with federal law For control of exposure to bloodborne and airborne pathogens. [tex][/tex]
Engineering and work practice controls have evolved primarily D. For control of exposure to bloodborne and airborne pathogens.
What are engineering and work practice controls?Engineering and work practice controls are the workplace controls that:
Eliminate or isolate biohazards.Promote safer workplace behaviors.Enforce handwashing procedures.Restrict eating and drinking in work areas.Decontaminate equipment before servicing.Reduce the likelihood of exposure to workplace incidents.A pathogen is a disease-causing organism that may invade the body cells, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and worms.
Answer Options:A. To teach the hierarchy and application of preventive strategies.
B. To enforce compliance by housekeeping and maintenance departments.
C. To comply with federal law.
D. For control of exposure to bloodborne and airborne pathogens.
Thus, Engineering and work practice controls have evolved primarily D. For control of exposure to bloodborne and airborne pathogens.
Learn more about Engineering and Work Practice Controls at https://brainly.com/question/17034763
A phenotype ratio of 9:3:3:1 in the offspring of a mating of two organisms heterozygous
for two traits is expected when:
A. the genes reside on the same chromosome
B. each gene contains two mutations
C. the gene pairs assort independently during meiosis
D. only recessive traits are scored
E. none of the above
C. the gene pairs assort independently during meiosis.
Why is over farming a threat to the health of humans?
A.
It decreases the use of fertilizer.
B.
It increases the production of food.
C.
It adds too many new nutrients to the soil.
D.
It removes too many nutrients from the soil.
Answer:
it removes too many nutrients from the soil.
Explanation:
Explanation:
it can increas the health risk
Some types of muscular dystrophy are X-linked recessive disorders. A mother who is a carrier for muscular dystrophy has children with a father who doesn’t have muscular dystrophy.
a. What percentage of their sons will have the disease, and what percentage of their sons will be carriers?
b. What percentage of their daughters will have the disease, and what percentage of their daughters will be carriers?
Show your work with a Punnett Square, using XD to represent the allele not associated with muscular dystrophy and Xd to represent the allele associated with muscular dystrophy. You can copy/paste the blank table below or create a table in the submission box to complete the Punnett square.
D gene is an X-chromosome-linked gene. a) 100% will have the disease, XdY // 0% will be carriers. b) 0% will have the disease // 100% will be carriers, XDXd.
What are the séx-linked genes?These are genes that can be found only in the X-chromosome. The inheritance pattern expressed by these genes varies from the one expressed by genes located in autosomal chromosomes.
In the exposed exampe,
- muscular dystrophy are X-linked recessive disorders
- woman ⇒ carrier for muscular dystrophy ⇒ heter0zyg0us ⇒ XDXd
- man ⇒ doesn’t have muscular dystrophy ⇒ X-chromosome with the dominant allele ⇒ XDY
- XD ⇒ chromosome rarrying the dominant allele
- Xd ⇒ chromosomes carrying the recessive allele
Cross: Man x Woman
Parentals) XDY x XDXd
Gametes) XD Y XD Xd
Punnett square) XD Xd
XD XDXd XDXd
Y XdY XdY
F1) 1/2 = 50% of the progeny will express the normal phenotype, XD-
1/2 = 50% of the progeny will have muscular dystrophy, Xd-
100% of the girls will be normal and carriers, XDXd
100% of the boys have muscular dystrophy, XdY
a. What percentage of their sons will have the disease, and what percentage of their sons will be carriers?
Considering only boys,
100% of them will have the disease, XdY0% will be carriers.b. What percentage of their daughters will have the disease, and what percentage of their daughters will be carriers?
Considering only girls,
0% of them will have the disease, 100% will be carriers, XDXdYou will elarn more about séx-linked genes at
https://brainly.com/question/15570
https://brainly.com/question/786413
How to do a dichotomous key
Answer: I hope this helps you! :3
Explanation:
Step 1: List down the characteristics
Pay attention to the specimens you are trying to identify with your dichotomous key. List down the characteristics that you can notice. For example, say you are trying to classify a group of animals. You may notice that some have feathers whereas others have legs, or some have long tails and others don’t.
Step 2: Organize the characteristics in order
When creating your dichotomous key, you need to start with the most general characteristics first, before moving to the more specific ones. So it helps to have identified the more obvious and less obvious contrasting characteristics among the specimen before creating your dichotomous key.
Step 3: Divide the specimens
You can use statements (i.e. has feathers and no feathers) or questions (does it have feathers?) to divide your specimens into two groups. The first differentiation should be made on the most general characteristic.
Step 4: Divide the specimen even further
Based on the next contrasting characteristic, divide the specimen further. For example, first, you may have grouped your animals as have feathers and have no feathers, in which case the ones with feathers can be categorized as birds while you can further subdivide the ones that have no feathers as having fur and having no fur. Continue to subdivide your specimen by asking enough questions until you have identified and named all of them.
Step 5: Draw a dichotomous key diagram
You can either create a text-based dichotomous key or a graphical one where you can even use images of the specimen you are trying to identify. Here you can use a tree diagram or a flowchart as in the examples below.
Step 6: Test it out
Once you have completed your dichotomous key, test it out to see if it works. Focus on the specimen you are trying to identify and go through the questions in your dichotomous tree to see if you get it identified at the end. If you think the questions in your dichotomous key needs to be rearranged, make the necessary adjustments.
scientist who support evolution usually classify fossils by:
1. geological age
2. fossil type
3. animal or plant type
Answer: 2
Explanation: 2
Which of the following are true about the peripheral nervous system?
O A. Contains all the neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord.
B. It is divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
O C. It controls voluntary movements
O D. Includes the brain stem and the cerebellum
E. Dorsal and ventral horns fuse laterally to form spinal nerves.
OF. It's white matter includes the ventral, dorsal, and lateral white columns
O G. It's gray matter includes: gray commissure, dorsal horn, ventral horn, and lateral horn.
o H. It contains cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors, and efferent motor endings
Answer:
pick one
Explanation:
big deal if you have it wrong