Answer:
The epidermis, which serves as the body's primary defense against water and infection, and the dermis, which effectively links the epidermis to the rest of the body, are the two major layers that make up the skin.
The stratum germinativum, the bottommost layer, produces layers of cells that make up the epidermis. Cell division is in its active phase at this point. The cells gradually go up into the various levels, where they make associations with neighboring cells based on whatever layer they are in. The skin's waterproofing and ability to withstand infection by pathogens are both a result of the migration and bonding of keratin proteins and lipids.
The stratum is the highest layer that the cells reach.
How does the body identify a pathogen?To start with, your immune system has several kinds of cells as well as other stuff like proteins floating around. There are two major types of immunity: innate and adaptive and they work together to help you identify and fight infection. Of the different types of white blood cells we have, there are a specific subgroup called lymphocytes that are involved specifically in adaptive immunity.
So the first step in innate immunity is physical barriers. Your skin and your intestines (which are technically 'outside' of your body - think of us as an elongated donut where our guts are the hole of the donut) are examples of such barriers. We're all good with having lots of bacteria on the outside (meaning on our skin and in our digestive tract). Problems happen when the outside stuff gets inside.
So then the next question is how to identify something foreign coming in. Turns out that structurally most living cells (and viruses) have proteins on their outsides. Some of these are receptors, others are structural, and yet others are covered in sugars etc. The thing is, these proteins and sugars are different between different things. So bacteria will have chemicals on them that are different than any chemical we have in our own body. When lymphocytes are growing up in the thymus, they are basically exposed to our normal proteins, sugars, and other molecules so they know to ignore them. If this process doesn't happen properly you can run into problems with things like autoimmune diseases.
Now you mentioned antibodies. Antibodies are actually made in a very fascinating way. Antibodies are essentially proteins with a certain part that can hook onto other molecules that fit the correct shape. Think of the analogy of a bunch of different shapes floating around and having the antibodies have holes for specific shapes, so they can only really attach to that specific shape (or antigen). But you ask, how do they know what shapes to try to attach to or recognize? Well, proteins are coded for by DNA and what happens in B-cells, the makers of antibodies is that there's tons of genetic recombination. We basically scramble DNA in different B-cells to be able to make up completely new and novel protein types that can then attach to other things that we have never been exposed to before.
So innately, we have the ability to recognize almost anything that's small enough and has some kind of outside texture or shapes to hook on to. Each B-cell makes a specific antibody to one shape and we specifically kill the cells that recognize shapes that are present in our own body. Furthermore, those peripheral cells that recognized general features common to many pathogens such as weird sugars or capsules swallow and chew up the things they encounter and present the little bits to immune cells like B-cells to see if they match the right shape for the type of cell. If they do, that cell now starts dividing and making tons of that type of antibody so that you get a good antibody response.
And finally, to remember that you've been exposed to a certain antigen, you have T-cells which basically serve to coordinate this whole process with hormones such as interleukins. When they see something they recognize, they also divide, but the cool thing about T-cells is that they basically live your entire life. Once they've seen something, those T-cells stick around pretty much forever, which is why things like vaccines work.
There are also other parts of our innate immune system, including compounds and proteins in our blood called the complement system. It can be a completely non-cellular method of killing bacteria based purely on antibodies and other proteins.
Please help it’s due in under 1 hour!!!!!
Explain how sexual and asexual reproduction both lead to better evolutionary fitness.
Answer:
Hope you get done. friend me back. and can I have brainliest
Explanation:
To get diversity in individuals, genetic differences are required, and different phenotypes must be expressed. Since sexual reproduction is more conducive to driving evolution than asexual reproduction, much more genetic diversity is available for natural selection to work on. Evolution can happen over time.
please help me
What are segments?
Answer:
each of the parts into which something is or may be divided.
define cell division
Answer:
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle.
Explanation:
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle.
Help please -thanks!
Answer:
It is D
this shows that there was likely greater diversity during the time that is represented by that rock layer
it could also be random chance that those fossils ended up being fossilized in that location as fossilization is a random and rare occurence so this is usually corraborated with multiple locations
also remember that a mass extinction event can fit within as large of a window as over 100k years because dating isn't bang on and a large cataclysmic even could take a long time for it to effect the whole planet enough to cause a mass extinction
Explanation:
It is D
Because it shows that there was a greater diversity during the time that is represented by that rock layer , it could also be random chance that those fossils ended up being fossilized in that location as fossilization is a random and rare occurence so this is usually corraborated with multiple locations
3. The ability to keep a stable internal environment is called
a. Metabolism
b. Reproduction
c. Homeostasis
Answer:
c)Homeostasis isthe ability to keep a stable internal environment is called
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment. Homeostasis is a term coined to describe the physical and chemical parameters that an organism must maintain to allow proper functioning of its component cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
As a cell grows in size, transporting the materials in and out of the cell becomes more difficult. Which process would help a cell to efficiently transport more materials into the cell as it grows?
Grupo de escolhas da pergunta
A) The cell develops a thinner cell membrane.
B) The cell undergoes a mutation.
C) The cell stores more materials in its vacuoles.
D) The cell divides into two cells creating more space for materials.
ASAP
Answer:
A
Explanation:
The process that would help a cell to efficiently transport more materials into the cell as it grows is the cell develops a thinner cell membrane (Option A).
What is cellular transport?Cellular transport is a process by which cells can take substances from their surrounding environment.
Cellular transport depends on the characteristic of the cell membrane where the substances need to pass.The mechanisms of cellular transport include active transport and passive transport.In conclusion, the process that would help a cell to efficiently transport more materials into the cell as it grows is the cell develops a thinner cell membrane (Option A).
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answer dis please im desperato
Answer:
C which would be considered secondary consumers.
Explanation:
They are commonly called carnivores, and examples include lions, snakes, and cats.
I hope this helps
fault generally occurs at a transform boundary. O A. normal OB. strike-slip O C. thrust O D. reverse
Answer: Read the question carefully
TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES: B. Strike-Slip
Explanation:
A reverse fault happens at convergent boundaries.
A normal fault happens at divergent boundaries
Hope this helps :)
The fault that generally occurs at a transform boundary is a strike slip. Therefore, option B is correct.
What are transform boundary and strike-slip?A transform boundary is a type of plate boundary where two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally in opposite directions. Transform boundaries are characterized by shallow and frequent earthquakes. The most famous example of a transform boundary is the San Andreas Fault in California, which marks the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates.
"Strike-slip" is a type of fault that occurs along a transform boundary, where two tectonic plates are sliding horizontally past each other in opposite directions. In a strike-slip fault, the movement is primarily horizontal and the rocks on either side of the fault move past each other parallel to the strike (or direction) of the fault. The San Andreas Fault in California is a well-known example of a strike-slip fault.
Hence, option B is correct.
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For questions 6-15 use one of the following choices for each question. The choices may be used more than
once. Just write the letter for the choice not the word
A. Mutualism
B. Commensalism
C. Parasitism
6. One organism is harmed in a relationship
7. Two organisms benefit from a relationship
8. A tree with a Spanish moss population is unaffected by the relationship
9. A population of mice destroys grass roots in a field
10. A plotist that lives in a termite intestine digests wood eaten by the termite
11. A small insect called an aphid harms the stems and leaves of rosebushes
12. Bacteria make Vitamin B12 in the human intestine
13. Your cat has a severe case of fleas
14. A mosquito stabs the skin on your arm and a bite develops
15. Two organisms live together, one benefits and the other is neither helped or harmed by the
relationship
6C, 7A, 8B, 9C, 10B, 11C, 12A, 13C, 14C, 15B
-1 Define cell and cytology.
Draw a line representing the rise and a line Representing the run of the line. state the slope of the line in simplest form
Match each gymnosperm to its correct description. plzzz help me reeee
Answer:
Explanation:
Ginkgoes lose their leaves in autumn
Cycads look like a palm tree
Gnetophytes grow in deserts and rain forests
Conifers make up the largest group of gymnosperms.
Each gymnosperm is matched according to their correct description
Ginkgoes lose their leaves in autumnCycads look like a palm treeGnetophytes grow in deserts and rain forestsConifers make up the largest group of gymnosperms.What are Gymnosperms?Gymnosperm is a seed-producing plant which do not produce flowers or fruits and have uncovered seeds. These are born in cones and are not visible until maturity.
There are several characteristics of Gymnosperms. They are:
1. They are autotrophic, photosynthetic plants which tend to conserve water.
2. They have vascular system which includes roots, xylem, and phloem that is used for the transportation of water and nutrients.
3. The ovules and seeds of gymnosperms develop on the scales of cones which is in enclosed chambers called ovaries.
4. They are older than angiosperms on the basis of evolution.
They are divided into four classes like
Ginkgoes Cycads Gnetophytes ConifersThus, each gymnosperm is matched according to their correct description
Ginkgoes lose their leaves in autumnCycads look like a palm treeGnetophytes grow in deserts and rain forestsConifers make up the largest group of gymnosperms.Learn more about Gymnosperms, here:
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list and describe three methods of keeping a gap between the birth of two children.
class 10 biology btw
Answer:
either a barrier or chemical method can be used
i.e, is de usage pills or copper-t , condom in males .. etc ..... ( correct me if i m wrong ) ....
Why are stabilizing proteins neeed to keep the DNA strands separated?
Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins are protected exactly tightly to DNA, but with extremely little carefulness for individual nucleotide sequences.
What is DNA?
They accomplish this by interacting strongly with the DNA backbone, via hydrogen bonds with the ribose and phosphates and complementary control interactions with the phosphates.
When the Proteins of DNA Replication DNA Helicases. These proteins attach to the double-stranded DNA and facilitate the separation of the two strands. DNA single-stranded critical proteins.
Although, These proteins bind to the DNA as a stable tetramer the single-stranded structure is produced by the action of the helicases.
Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (e.g., [RFA] eukaryotic replication factor A) then stabilize the decompressed template DNA, maintaining it in an extended single-stranded state so that it can be simulated by the polymerase.
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Glomerular filtrate comprises of water, glucose, amino acids and creatine. Which among the above are reabsorbed actively and rapidly by blood?
Answer:
Glucose, amino acids are rapidly reabsorbed actively by blood.
Explanation:
What is the main function of the organs thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and pancreas?
Answer:
D
Explanation:
I hope it helps you, good luck!
how many cells are in each phase and whats the percent of the cells
A que se denomina metaboismo? Diferenca anabolismo de catabolimo da 4 ejemplos diferencia reaccion endegonica de exergonica
Answer and Explanation:
Metabolismo: El término hace referencia a todos los cambios y las reacciones quimicas y biológicas que ocurren en cada célula del organismo y que resultas escenciales para el funcionamiento adecuado del organismo (una buena nutrición, crecimiento, reparación celular, conversion energética, etc.).
Estas reacciones ocurren a lo largo de toda la vida del organismo. Cada celula toma sustancias que luego modifica químicamente para integrarlas como nuevos componentes celulares. Algunos de estos componentes son utilizados en reacciones como la respiración celular.
El metabolismo puede ser dividido en anabolismo y en catabolismo. Durante el anabolismo suceden reacciones que consumen energía (ATP) para sintetizar moléculas complejas a partir de moléculas simples, y que son necesarias para el funcionamiento del organismo. Mientras que durante el catabolismo suceden reacciones que liberan energía al deegradar o reducir moléculas grandes en otras mas simples, para que el cuerpo pueda asimilarlas y las transforme en energia (ATP). Esta energía luego será utilizada en los procesos anabólicos.
Ejemplos:
- Respiración celular: Degradación de molécula del glucosa para liberar y obtener energía y consecuentemente, moleculas mas simples (CATABOLISMO)
- Ciclo de Krebs: Oxidación de la molécula acetil-CoA y obtención de energía en forma de ATP (CATABOLISMO).
- Digestión: Degradación del alimento para obtener elementos mas asimilables por la célula y energía (CATABOLISMO).
- Degradación de ADN y ARN (CATABOLISMO).
- Fotosíntesis: Transformación de compuestos inorgánicos en orgánicos utilizando energía solar (ANABOLISMO).
- Síntesis proteica: Utiliza aminoácidos y energía para formar proteinas necesarias para el organismo (ANABOLISMO).
- Ciclo de Calvin: Usa moléculas de CO2 para formar glucosa (ANABOLISMO).
- Gluconeogénesis: Síntesis de glucosa a partir de precursores diferentes a los glúcidos (ANABOLISMO).
Reacción excergónica: reacción espontánea que se lleva a cabo y donde se produce la liberación de energía. No necesita energía para suceder.Reacción endergónica: reacción no espontánea. Necesita energía para suceder. Ocurren reacciones celulares a partir del consumo de energía.Construct Explanations Based on evidence from your model, explain how hotspot volcanoes change Earth's surface. When there are tectonic plates
Answer:
High heat and lower pressure at the base of the lithosphere (tectonic plate) facilitates melting of the rock. This melt, called magma, rises through cracks and erupts to form volcanoes. As the tectonic plate moves over the stationary hot spot, the volcanoes are rafted away and new ones form in their place.
Explanation:
1. Describe what occurs in the body of a type 1 diabetic after they consume a carbohydrate-heavy meal. In your response, include the following terms
Metabolized, Glucose, Insulin, Cell receptors, Pancreas, Energy
The process which would occur in the body of a type 1 diabetic after they consume a carbohydrate-heavy meal is:
The digestive system tries to break down the complex sugars which increases the blood sugar level which leads to the production of insulin to maintain the blood sugar level throughout the body.A Type 1 diabetic person is one who has been diagnosed with the level of diabetes, where the pancreas does not produce enough insulin to control the sugar levels of the body.
With this in mind, when such person consumes a high carbohydrate meal, it means that he has ingested complex sugars which would be difficult for the digestive system to break down which would overwork the pancreas, but as there is little or no insulin production, then there would likely be health complications.
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In general, food molecules are ___________ by the digestive tract of organisms so they can be _______________.
Select one:
broken down; absorbed into the bloodstream
broken down; released as heat
combined; absorbed into the bloodstream
converted to energy; used to power the muscles
Answer:
converted to energy ; used to power the musclesMARK ME AS BRAINLISTIn this lab, you used a dichotomous key to identify organisms. Why would this skill be valuable to you? Check all possible reasons below.
A. It helps you classify organisms.
B. It helps you identify ecosystems.
C. It helps you study and appreciate biodiversity.
D. It helps you analyze an organism’s traits.
E. It helps you understand how organisms interact.
Answer:
All of Them
Explanation:
got right in edg (see pic)
hope this helps :)
Activity
Research and identify a common resource in your state and explain the consequences of rise in population on the resource.
Answer:
Pollution, crimes and overcrowding.
Explanation:
Lack of family planning is responsible for the rise of population. It brought many adverse changes in the environment such as pollution, crimes and overcrowding etc. Rise in population causes unemployment that leads to crimes in the society. It also produces pollution due to more human activities such as emission of fossil fuels and more industries should be built to provide basic needs to more population. Rise in population causes agricultural to be converted into residential area that leads to decrease food production.
why do people like sparkling water?
Answer:
maybe they think it will make them magical?
Explanation:
Please Helppp!!! What could lead to different populations of the same species living in different environments?
Answer: Migration, because species move to other places for food or a better or more suitable habitat and sometimes their is other species there.
Different ecological and biogeographical causes lead to different populations of the same species living in different environments. Ecological factors include intraspecific competition, migration, resource searching, habitat destruction, among others. Biogeographical dispersion involves wider areas and time factor. Human action is also a cause of dispersion.
-----------------------------------
Dispersion can be defined as the dissemination and distancing process of some individuals from others. It refers to the change in an organism's range or distribution area.
Different ecological and biogeographical processes might be involved in organisms' dispersion.
Ecological processes involve intraspecific competition for resources, habitat destruction, lack of resources -food or water-, among others. This is an intra-area, moderate dispersion that reduces competition and increases niche findings. It involves daily and seasonal migration and territoriality. Biogeographical processes refer to bigger changes that involve wider areas and time. It includes the historical factor, besides migration. This is an extra-area dispersion process.→ Jumping dispersion refers to a few individuals, in a short time, that can cross a barrier and occupy a new area. In this situation, the establishment is not always for sure. They must reproduce and start a new population of a certain size that can survive the new conditions.
→ Diffusion refers to populations that, through many generations, explores and expands in new regions with favorable conditions.
→ Secular migration is the diffusion through thousands of generations.
Dispersion is also caused by human actions, following different interests and goals.When two populations of the same species migrate to new areas and adapt to different environmental pressures, they will probably suffer from the speciation process with time, becoming two different species.
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Can someone help me on this hw plz
Explanation:
Men are expected to do work that women cannot do. For example going outside and earning money or take decisions that effect the family. These are the thoughts of society and are mostly implemented in households.
Being masculine means that men comparatively have a strong physical ability than women. They can do heavy duty works with ease
Women are expected to sit in the house. According to society women are naive and need to be under the protection of man. Women are expected to be good mothers and obedient wives. They should be able to run the house well.
Being feminine means that women is very delicate and sensitive like a flower. A man has to nourish her and take care of her while the woman will become a beautiful flowers and fill the house with a strong fragrance.
Apart from these men and women are free to do what ever they want because in the 21st century not a lot of these old gender roles are followed. Sometimes the roles get swapped and women work outside just because they want to or because of the economic conditions.
I hope you found this useful
Answer:
men are supposed to be super tough and not cry ( I find that a wife's tale) being masculine means be tough and buff.
women are supposed to clean and cook and be a stay at home mom (also odd)
to be feminine means to be nice cry and happy.
A resident of _ is likely to leave the largest ecological footprint
Answer:
the United States
Explanation:
Hey My Name is Chloe, and I need some Help, But if you can't it's ok,
So I need Some Facts and Topics on Land Animals, I did some research But I didn't find enough. Any Is fine
Answer: CHIMPANZEES. RECKONED to be the most-intelligent animals on the planet, chimps can manipulate the environment and their surroundings to help themselves and their community. They can work out how to use things as tools to get things done faster, and they have outsmarted people many a time.
Explanation:
Answer: Animal: Bengal tigers
Topics: Why are bengal tigers being hunted? How many bengal tigers are left in the world? Are bengal tigers being bred in captivity.
Facts:The White Tiger is one of the rarer relatives of the big cats. Due to their white coat they are often referred to as the bleached tiger. White Tigers are in fact a subspecies of Tigers and are the pigmented variation of the Bengal Tiger, sometimes found in the wild on the Indian subcontinent.
Explanation: I would suggest looking at national geographic if you want cooler animals.
What occurs to a DNA strand during DNA replication?
a
The DNA strand is shortened.
b The DNA strand is deleted.
с
The DNA strand is lengthened.
d The DNA strand is copied.
Check it
Answer:
It is copied.
Explanation:
Replication is the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules.
Answer:
it is copied option d
Explanation:
DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules.
1. Which of the following refers to the process of an environment constantly changing?"
energy cycle
energy succession
ecological cycle
ecological succession
Answer:
I believe it's ecological succession.
Hope that helps!
Answer:
It's Ecological succession