Some strains of E. coli have pili, which are hair-like structures that allow them to bind to and then enter into epithelial cells of the urethra.
Pili are made of a protein called fimbriae. Fimbriae are able to bind to specific receptors on the surface of epithelial cells. Once they have bound, the pili can then allow the E. coli to enter the cell.
E. coli that have pili are more likely to cause urinary tract infections (UTIs). This is because they are able to bind to the cells of the urethra and then enter the bladder. Once they are in the bladder, they can cause inflammation and infection.
There are a number of things that can be done to prevent UTIs, including:
Drinking plenty of fluids
Wiping from front to back after using the toilet
Not holding in urine
Taking antibiotics to treat UTIs as soon as possible
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Arrange the organisms from fastest to slowest based on the time they’d take to complete the 20th Carnegie stage.
which type of galaxy is shaped almost like a sphere
A. an irregular galaxy
B. no galaxy are shaped almost like a sphere
C. a spiral galaxy
D. an elliptical galaxy
Answer:
an Elliptical galaxies
What is the magnification of the ocular and objective lenses used to achieve a magnification of 600X on the virtual microscope?
The magnification of the eyepiece and objective lens used to obtain 600X magnification in the virtual microscope is 6.10.
What are microscope lenses?
Compound microscope lenses are called objective lens and ocular lens. The objective lens is a lens that is installed very close to the object being observed. The ocular lens is very close to the observer's eye.
With this information, we can conclude that 600X magnification in the virtual microscope is 6.10.
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Phagocytic cells are an important part of the innate immune system because of their ability to:____.
a. attack cells infected by a virus.
b. engulf many different pathogens.
c. present foreign antigens that stimulate adaptive immune responses.
d. produce multiple antibodies.
Phagocytic cells are an important part of the innate immune system because of their ability to engulf many different pathogens. So the correct answer is b. engulf many different pathogens.
The detection of a microbial invasion is typically swiftly followed by its engulfment by a phagocytic cell in all animals, including invertebrates and vertebrates. In the tissues across the body of vertebrates, macrophages are particularly prevalent in the lungs and stomach, two places where infections are most prone. Additionally, the liver, spleen, and connective tissues contain significant amounts. These long-lasting cells are among the first to come into contact with invasive pathogens and patrol the body's tissues.
Neutrophils, the second-largest family of phagocytic cells in vertebrates, are short-lived cells prevalent in blood but absent from healthy, normal tissues.
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PLEASE ANSWER QUICK
Beneficial uses of bacteria include all of the following except:
Group of answer choices
helping to clean up environmental disasters, such as oil and chemical spills
producing chemicals
producing food
causing disease
Answer:
the answer is:causing disease
Mendel crossed homozygous tall and short plants. The law of segregation dictates that each sperm of the tall plant randomly passes
down one allele for height and the eggs of each short plant also pass down one allele for height to the F1 generation seed. Predict the F1
generation genotype.
O If the homozygous tall plant (TT) crosses with a heterozygous short plant (Tt), then all the F1 plants become heterozygous tall plants (Tt).
O If the heterozygous tall plant (TT) crosses with a heterozygous short plant (Tt), then all the F1 plants become heterozygous tall plants (Tt).
O If the heterozygous tall plant (Tt) crosses with a homozygous short plant (tt), then all the F1 plants become heterozygous tall plants (Tt).
O If the homozygous tall plant (TT) crosses with a homozygous short plant (tt), then all the F1 plants become heterozygous tall plants (Tt).
Answer:
D.) If the homozygous tall plant (TT) crosses with a homozygous short plant (tt), then all the F1 plants become heterozygous tall plants (Tt).
Explanation:
Homozygous indicates that the alleles in the genotype are the same. Therefore, the genotype for homozygous tall plants is (TT) and the genotype for homozygous short plants is (tt).
After performing a cross, we know that all of the children will have the heterozygous genotype (Tt).
Answer:
I hope this helps.
Explanation:
Plants breathe CO2 and release O2, while animals generally breathe O2 and release CO2. This is an example of an interaction between:
Respiration and photosynthesis are an example of Biosphere and Atmosphere interaction.
The Atmosphere is the gaseous mass or envelope that surrounds the planetary body and is retained by its gravitational field.
The Biosphere is the living and dynamic part of the earth and it constantly responds to the surrounding atmosphere.
The Biosphere interacts with the atmosphere by affecting its physical and chemical properties.
In Photosynthesis, plants breathe CO2 and release O2 while in respiration, animals breathe O2 and release CO2. These interactions alter the gaseous composition of the atmosphere, thereby affecting the chemical properties of the atmosphere.
This interaction can lead to changes in the climate, temperature, etc. Some other examples of the biosphere and atmosphere interactions are mineral cycles, carbon storage, desertification, energy cycle and the water cycle.
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Axons that release acetylcholine are called ______
Axons that release acetylcholine are called cholinergic fibers.
What are axons?In the brain, each neuron has a single, lengthy cable that extends from the cell's core. An axon is a cable that is much thinner than a human hair and is where a neuron's electrical impulses leave the cell to be picked up by neighboring neurons.
Acetylcholine is released when an action potential is conveyed to the axon terminal, where depolarization causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open and enable an influx of calcium, which then permits the release of acetylcholine-containing vesicles into the synaptic cleft.
The neurotransmitter in preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons is acetylcholine (ACh). Thus, axons that release acetylcholine are called cholinergic fibers.
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Which process describes the passing of nutrient molecules from the digestive system into the blood? 1: absorption 2: chemical 3: elimination 4: mechanical ( i need the answer as fast as possible please!!)
Answer:
absorption
Explanation:
A water sample has a pH 10 and contains 56 mg/L HCO3- and 32 mg/L CO32-. Calculate the alkalinity in mg/L as CaCO3.
The alkalinity as CaCO3 in mg/L is 108,23
What is alkalinity?Alkalinity is the total measure of substances present in water, capable of neutralizing acids. In other words, it is the amount of substances present in the water that act as a buffer.
With that being said;
Equivalent weight = {molar mass}*{ion charge/oxidation number}
Molar mass of HCO3- = 61g/molMolar mass of CO3 = 60g/molMolar mass of CaCO3 = 100g/molEq. cot. of HCO3- = 61g/EqEq. cot. of CO3 = 30g/EqEq. cot. of CaCO3 = 50g/EqAlkalinity due to CO3 = {32x50}{30} = 53.33mg/L
Alkalinity due to HCO3- = {56x50}{61} = 54,90mg/L
Total Alkalinity = 53,33 + 54,90 = 108,23 mg/L
In this case, we have to The alkalinity as CaCO3 in mg/L is 108,23 mg/L
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In a plant, when the rate of respiration is less than the rate of photosynthesis, what happens to the volume of carbon dioxide that is released?
It stays the same.
It decreases.
It increases.
In a plant, when the rate of respiration is less than the rate of photosynthesis, the volume of carbon dioxide that is released It increases.
The higher the rate of photosynthesis, the lower the respiratory rate?At points where the rate of photosynthesis exceeds the rate of the cell battery, the cell is releasing more O2 than it is consuming. There is also a point where the rate of photosynthesis and the rate of cellular respiration equal each other, called the photic compensation point.
Therefore, oxygen released by photosynthesis is consumed in cellular respiration, and CO2 released in cellular respiration is consumed in photosynthesis. Therefore, gas exchange between the plant and the environment is null.
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which feature is charatisic of estauries
The estauries are characterized by mix of fresh water and salt water. That is option A
What is estauries?Estauries is defined as the part of water where many rivers meet and sweep into the ocean.
The characteristics of estauries include the following;
The salty water mixed with freshwater resulting to brackish water formation.The gradient of salinity in a semi-enclosed coastal system.Learn more about brackish water here:
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Which feature is characteristics of estauries:
A mix of fresh water and salt water.
swap-like land.
region of land that drains into a body of water.
the gradient of salinity in a semi-enclosed coastal system.
What is the process in which homologues align gene by gene in preparation for crossing over?
In synapsis, the genes on the chromatids of the homologous chromosomes are aligned precisely with each other. The synaptonemal complex supports the exchange of chromosomal segments between non-sister homologous chromatids, a process called crossing over.
During meiosis, an event called chromosomal crossing over from time to time occurs as a part of recombination. In this procedure, a place of 1 chromosome is exchanged for the vicinity of every other chromosome, thereby generating precise chromosomal mixtures that divide into haploid daughter cells.
Subsequently, the pairs of homologous chromosomes in anaphase I separate into extraordinary daughter cells. Earlier than the pairs can separate, the crossovers between chromosomes must be resolved and meiosis-unique cohesins need to be launched from the arms of the sister chromatids.
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Neurons are to the nervous
system as
are to the
endocrine system. Both are used
to "send" messages.
A. hormones
B. emotions
C. memories
Answer:
A.) hormones
Explanation:
Neurons are to the nervous system as hormones are to the endocrine system.
The endocrine system regulates all of our bodily processes via the feedback of hormones.
Carbon tends to share these electrons with ____________ , the elements that comprise a majority of living organisms.
One of the element that comprises the majority of living organisms and tends to share its electrons with carbon is Hydrogen.
What is hydrogen?Hydrogen is an essential organic compound which is present in all living organisms.
Hydrogen can easily share its electrons with other compounds thus making it highly reactive.
Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water which contributes to about 60% of body weight.
Hydrogen along with carbon and oxygen molecule forms bicarbonate ion which is an essential ion present in the body.
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Determine if the statement is true or false, and why. "If a point mutation occurs in a proto-oncogene it can form an oncogene. This can
stimulate excessive cell division, leading to the formation of a tumor."
A. False, it should read ""If a point mutation occurs in an Oncogene it can form a Proto-oncogene. This can inhibit cell division, leading to the formation of a
tumor."
B. False, it should read ""If a point mutation occurs in an Oncogene it can form a Proto-oncogene. This can stimulate excessive cell division, leading to the
formation of a tumor."
C. True
D. False, it should read ""If a point reutation occurs in a Proto-oncogene it can form an Oncogene. This can inhibit cell division, leading to the formation of a
tumor."
Answer:
D. False it should read "if a point reputation occurs in a proto-oncogene it can form an oncogenetgis can inhibit cell division leading to the formation of a tumor
what is the name of code or nucleotide squence that can be found in in dna, but not mrna and protein from the same gene
Answer:
Thymine is the answer
Explanation:
The nucleotides of DNA consist of Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine
The nucleotides of RNA consist of Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine and Guanine
LDLs contain _______. LDLs contain _______. steroid hormones cholesterol protein cholesterol and protein cholesterol, protein and steroid hormones
The correct option is (c) LDL consists of cholesterol and protein.
One of the five main categories of lipoproteins, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), transports cholesterol throughout the body to the areas where it is required for cell repair and deposits it inside the artery walls. They need to be bound to proteins in order to pass through the hydrophilic blood.
The hydrophobic core of the LDL particle is made up of fatty acid esters of cholesterol, while the outer membrane is made up of unesterified cholesterol. The membrane contains a single copy of the hydrophobic apo-B protein, which facilitates the binding of LDL particles to particular cell-surface receptors.
Hence, LDL consists of cholesterol and protein.
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a biologist treats a cell with a certain chemical that inhibit the cell ability to synthesise DNA
if this cell is treated to undergo the process of the cell cycle which phase is affected. give two reasons.
If the cell treated with a chemical that inhibits DNA synthesis is treated to undergo the process of the cell cycle, the phase that will be affected is the S-phase of interphase.
What is interphase?The interphase stage of cell division is the resting stage between two successive divisions.
The interphase is further grouped into three phases namely:
G1 phaseS-phase or synthesis phaseG2 phaseThe synthesis phase of interphase is the stage where new DNA strand is synthesized, hence, if the cell treated with a chemical that inhibits DNA synthesis is treated to undergo the process of the cell cycle, the phase that will be affected is the S-phase of interphase.
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Please help me with this question! I will give crown when it will be available!!
Answer:
1515 millions of km
Explanation:
Neptune is in between Uranus and Pluto, so if you find out what the distance is in between Uranus and Pluto from the sun, it's a decent approximation. 5900-2870 = 3030. 3030/2 = 1515
Brainliest, please :)
Arrange from smallest to biggest. universe, planet-moon system, solar system, galaxy
The smooth but steady increase in muscular tension that is produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called __________.
The smooth, but steady, increase in muscular tension produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called a recruitment.
Muscle tension is the force produced when a muscle contracts (or when sarcomeres shorten). The two primary forms of skeletal muscle contractions, isotonic contractions and isometric contractions, are produced when a muscle contracts against a load that is not moving.
A load is transported as the length of the muscle varies during isotonic contractions, in which the tension in the muscle remains constant (shortens). Concentric and eccentric contractions are the two varieties of isotonic contractions. When a muscle contracts isometrically, the angle of a skeletal joint remains the same while tension is produced in the muscle. Sarcomeres shorten and muscles tense up during isometric contractions, but the load is not moved since the force generated is insufficient to overcome the resistance provided by the load.To know more about muscle tension click here
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If a person moved from boston to miami, how would the normal pattern of adh secretion be altered? Could a person prepare to move to a new climate by chemically altering adh release?
Boston is colder than Miami.
Therefore, more water is lost in the form of sweat in summer than in winter. In the summer, your body becomes dehydrated, releasing more ADH in your body.
ADH Syndrome of antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin is synthesized by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland to maintain blood osmolality. It increases the reabsorption of water from the kidney nephrons.
Therefore, in a cold environment like Boston, ADH will be low and will increase significantly in Miami.
Several chemicals change ADH levels.
Drugs that raise ADH levels include vasotrict and vasopressin.
Drugs that lower ADH includes alcohol.
Therefore, some chemicals can affect ADH levels in the blood.
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Assume that the length of wheat leaves is controlled by three loci, each with two alleles: L and l, W and w, H and h. Determine the differences in leaf length between two homozygous strains of wheat. Assume each allele contributes equally to the length of the plant leaves. One homozygous strain, ll ww hh, has leaves that are 100 mm in length, and the other strain, LL WW HH, has 220 mm leaves. The two homozygous strains are crossed, and the resulting F1 are selfed to produce F2 progeny. 1. What length will the leaves of the ll WW HH genotype plant be? 2. What proportion of the F2 progeny will have the same phenotype as the II WW HH genotype?
Polygenic heritability is the expression of a trait by many genes interaction. 1) 180mm. 2) 15/64
What is polygenic heritability?
Polygenic heritability occurs when a trait results from the interaction of many genes.
Individuals are grouped in categories that depend on how genes were intercrossed and distributed during meiosis.
In this example, there are three diallelic genes. We know that
all alleles add the same length to the leaves, the largest leaves are the homozygous dominant ones (AAWWLL⇒ 220mm), the shortest leaves are the homozygous recessive ones (aawwll⇒ 100mm).By looking at the difference between lengths (220 - 100 = 120mm), we might say each dominant allele adds 20 mm to the leaves (120mm/6alleles = 20mm).
Plants llWWHH have 4 dominant alleles, meaning their leaves' length is 180 mm.
Among the F2, 15/64 individuals are expected to have 180 mm leaves.
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What are the four main types of tissue?
A. epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve
B. fast, slow, rushed, and delayed
C. critical, irrelevant, essential, and nonessential
D. liver, pancreas, intestinal, and respiratory
Answer:
The four main types of tissue are :
A. Epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve.
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An autoimmune disease could result when Group of answer choices bacteria severely damage the B and T cells of the immune system. cancer creates an imbalance in the immune system. the receptors on cells are not recognized correctly by immune cells. a virus such as HIV destroys the immune system.
An autoimmune disease could result when the receptors on cells are not recognized correctly by immune cells; option C.
What are autoimmune diseases?Autoimmune diseases are diseases which occurs as a result of the body's own immune system recognizing the bod cells and tissues as foreign.
The body's immune system produces produces proteins which are known as autoantibodies which attack and destroy the body tissues and organs.
Autoimmune diseases usually have no cure but can be managed by relieving of the symptoms and by suppressing the immune system.
Some examples of autoimmune diseases include:
Systemic lupus erythematosusMyasthenia gravisPernicious anemia.Reactive arthritis.Rheumatoid arthritis.In conclusion, autoimmune diseases occur when the body's immune system attacks its own body cells, tissues and organs.
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It stimulates the secretion of steroids from the reproductive glands.
Answer: Hypothalamic GnRH stimulates the gonadotroph to synthesize and release both FSH and LH which stimulate the gonads to produce sex steroid hormones and regulate germ cell function.
What is the part of the nervous system that receives information about what is happening within the body and in the outside environment
The peripheral nervous system receives information from the environment and relays commands from the central nervous system to organs and glands.
What is the peripheral nervous system?The nerves that emerge from the brain and spinal cord make up the peripheral nervous system. The CNS and the body components are connected through a network of nerves. The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system are additional divisions of the peripheral nervous system.
The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system are two subsystems of the peripheral nervous system. With the exception of the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) and the retina, the cranial nerves make up the PNS in the somatic nervous system. The second cranial nerve is a tract of the diencephalon and not a real peripheral nerve. The CNS is where the cranial nerve ganglia were born. The PNS, however, is thought to include the ten remaining cranial nerve axons because they travel outside of the brain. Smooth muscle and glands are subject to involuntary control by the autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic and parasympathetic states of the system are made possible by the relationship between the central nervous system and the organs.
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mitochondria or submitochondrial particles can carry out the following coupled reaction: 2 cyt c (red) 1/2 o2 adp pi -> 2 cyt c (ox) h2o atp
Complex IV, also known as cytochrome c oxidase, oxidizes cytochrome c and transfers the electrons to oxygen, the final electron carrier in aerobic cellular respiration.
What is aerobic cellular respiration?In the presence of oxygen gas, cells undergo cellular respiration, which is how energy from food is produced. The majority of plants, animals, birds, humans, and other mammals all engage in this sort of respiration regularly. As byproducts of this process, water and carbon dioxide are created.
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How dose skin protect the body from pathogens ?
Answer:
The epidermis, which serves as the body's primary defense against water and infection, and the dermis, which effectively links the epidermis to the rest of the body, are the two major layers that make up the skin.
The stratum germinativum, the bottommost layer, produces layers of cells that make up the epidermis. Cell division is in its active phase at this point. The cells gradually go up into the various levels, where they make associations with neighboring cells based on whatever layer they are in. The skin's waterproofing and ability to withstand infection by pathogens are both a result of the migration and bonding of keratin proteins and lipids.
The stratum is the highest layer that the cells reach.
How does the body identify a pathogen?To start with, your immune system has several kinds of cells as well as other stuff like proteins floating around. There are two major types of immunity: innate and adaptive and they work together to help you identify and fight infection. Of the different types of white blood cells we have, there are a specific subgroup called lymphocytes that are involved specifically in adaptive immunity.
So the first step in innate immunity is physical barriers. Your skin and your intestines (which are technically 'outside' of your body - think of us as an elongated donut where our guts are the hole of the donut) are examples of such barriers. We're all good with having lots of bacteria on the outside (meaning on our skin and in our digestive tract). Problems happen when the outside stuff gets inside.
So then the next question is how to identify something foreign coming in. Turns out that structurally most living cells (and viruses) have proteins on their outsides. Some of these are receptors, others are structural, and yet others are covered in sugars etc. The thing is, these proteins and sugars are different between different things. So bacteria will have chemicals on them that are different than any chemical we have in our own body. When lymphocytes are growing up in the thymus, they are basically exposed to our normal proteins, sugars, and other molecules so they know to ignore them. If this process doesn't happen properly you can run into problems with things like autoimmune diseases.
Now you mentioned antibodies. Antibodies are actually made in a very fascinating way. Antibodies are essentially proteins with a certain part that can hook onto other molecules that fit the correct shape. Think of the analogy of a bunch of different shapes floating around and having the antibodies have holes for specific shapes, so they can only really attach to that specific shape (or antigen). But you ask, how do they know what shapes to try to attach to or recognize? Well, proteins are coded for by DNA and what happens in B-cells, the makers of antibodies is that there's tons of genetic recombination. We basically scramble DNA in different B-cells to be able to make up completely new and novel protein types that can then attach to other things that we have never been exposed to before.
So innately, we have the ability to recognize almost anything that's small enough and has some kind of outside texture or shapes to hook on to. Each B-cell makes a specific antibody to one shape and we specifically kill the cells that recognize shapes that are present in our own body. Furthermore, those peripheral cells that recognized general features common to many pathogens such as weird sugars or capsules swallow and chew up the things they encounter and present the little bits to immune cells like B-cells to see if they match the right shape for the type of cell. If they do, that cell now starts dividing and making tons of that type of antibody so that you get a good antibody response.
And finally, to remember that you've been exposed to a certain antigen, you have T-cells which basically serve to coordinate this whole process with hormones such as interleukins. When they see something they recognize, they also divide, but the cool thing about T-cells is that they basically live your entire life. Once they've seen something, those T-cells stick around pretty much forever, which is why things like vaccines work.
There are also other parts of our innate immune system, including compounds and proteins in our blood called the complement system. It can be a completely non-cellular method of killing bacteria based purely on antibodies and other proteins.