Two fully heterozygous fruit flies are crossed. Complete the Punnett square and provide the probabilities for the genotype and phenotype for the offspring.
B= brown body
b= black body
E= red eyes
e= brown eyes
Please provide the probability in percentages
Fill in the blanks using the show your work tools
Answers
Answer:
Blanks in the boxes (left to right, top to bottom, as you would read)
BbEE
BbEE
BbEe
bbee
Genotypes (top to bottom blanks):
12.5%
6.25%
6.25%
Phenotype (top to bottom blanks):
56.25%
18.75%
18.75%
Related Questions
HELP !!!!!!!!LIMITED TIME!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Two closely-related insect species are being discovered. Scientists
are focusing on how long it takes each to develop limb buds
following fertilization. What evidence of evolution is this an example
of?
Select one:
Embryological
DNA
Anatomical
Molecular
Answers
Answer:
Embryological
Explanation:
how do water molecules stick together
Answers
In case of water, hydrogen bonds form between neighboring hydrogen and oxygen atoms of adjacent water molecules. The attraction between individual water molecules creates a bond known as a hydrogen bond
Experiments should:
be consistent and free from blas.
never be repeated.
All of these choices are correct.
change each time they're performed.
Answers
Experiments should be consistent, free from bias, and change each time they're performed.
What do you mean by Experiments?
Experiments are a type of empirical study in which a researcher intentionally manipulates one or more variables to observe the effect on another variable. Experiments are commonly used in the sciences, such as physics, chemistry, biology, and psychology, to test theories and explain phenomena.
If the experiment is not consistent, then the results could be skewed or unreliable. Free from bias means that the experiment should be conducted as objectively as possible, without any personal preferences or opinions influencing the results. This ensures that the results are accurate and not affected by any outside influences. Finally, experiments should be changed each time they are performed in order to ensure the validity of the results. Changing the experiment allows for different variables to be tested, which can lead to more accurate results.
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LIMITED TIME, HELP PLEASE URGENT!!!!!!!
The climate shifts in an ecosystem, causing the rainy seasons to
become shorter and water to become more scarce overall. What is
the most likely outcome of this environmental change?
Select one:
No change in the equilibrium of each population
All populations will increase in size.
Some populations will expand while others decline.
All populations will decline in size.
Answers
Answer:
all populations will decline in sizeExplanation:
because of the scarce of water
animals will have to look for another home
hope this was helpful
An animal cell has just completed telophase. Which of the following would you expect to see?
a. an empty cell
b. chromosomes clustered at the poles
c. individual chromatids separating
d. formation of vesicles at the metaphase plate
e. formation of two genetically identical cell
Answers
An animal cell has just completed telophase. The following would be expected to see: formation of two genetically identical cells.
At telophase, the chromosomes begin to decondense, the spindle breaks, and the nuclear envelope and nucleolus regenerate. The cytoplasm of the mother cell divides to form two daughter cells, each containing the same number and type of chromosomes as the mother cell.
During telophase, the plant cell forms a cell plate that allows the two daughter cells to separate. In animal cells, cells are separated by pinching the cell membrane.
The final stage of mitosis, telophase, is characterized by cytokinesis, reorganization of the nucleus and nuclear envelope, loss of the mitotic spindle apparatus, and unwinding of chromosomes into chromatin.
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LIMITED TIME, HELP PLEASE URGENT!!!!!!!
According to the biological species concept, what defines a species?
Select one:
The amount of physical similarities that a group of organisms have
in common
Whether two organisms can interbreed and produce healthy, fertile offspring
The number of similarities two organisms have in their DNA
Whether the fossil record shows a similar lineage of ancestry between organisms
Answers
Answer:
the amount of physics similarity that a group of organisms have in common4. Plan an experiment that neurobiologists could use to show that an action potential travels faster along a myelinated axon than along a nonmyelinated axon.
Answers
An experiment that neurobiologists could use to show that an action potential travels faster along a myelinated axon than along a nonmyelinated axon is given below
Obtain two groups of neurons, one group with myelinated axons and another group with nonmyelinated axons.Stimulate the neurons in both groups with a electrical current of the same intensity and duration.Measure the time it takes for the action potential to travel the length of the axon in both groups.Compare the results and observe the difference in the time it takes for the action potential to travel the length of the axon in the myelinated group compared to the nonmyelinated group.What is the above experiment about?This experiment could be repeated multiple times with different intensity and duration of the electrical current, with different groups of neurons or with different kind of myelination.
Before conducting the experiment, it is important to ensure that the axons in both groups are of similar length, diameter, and overall health. This can be done by measuring the length and diameter of the axons under a microscope and by testing the neurons for any signs of damage or degeneration.
Therefore, The results would show that an action potential travels faster along a myelinated axon than along a nonmyelinated axon.
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what do your data tell about how the intensity of light affects the rate of photosynthesis performed by the plant? remember that a rate involves a change in amount over time. Does this answer make sense? Why or Why not?
Answers
The intensity of light affects the rate of photosynthesis performed as it rise from low light intensity to higher light intensity, the rate of photosynthesis will increase because there is more light available to drive the reactions of photosynthesis
What is photosynthesis?Plants and other living things use a process called photosynthesis to transform light energy into chemical energy that can later be released through cellular respiration to power the organism's activities. Light is necessary for photosynthesis, specifically for the light reactions.
The existence of the vast majority of life on Earth depends on photosynthesis. It is how almost all of the energy in the biosphere is made accessible to living things. All higher life forms on Earth consume photosynthetic organisms directly or indirectly because they are the primary producers that serve as the foundation of the planet's food webs.
The rate of photosynthesis will increase as you move from low light intensity to high light intensity because there is more light available to power the reactions of photosynthesis.
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I WILL GIVE BRAINLYEST!!!!!!!Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu.
Arya is writing a research paper about physicist Milutin Milankovitch. Help Arya complete the following paragraph of her essay.
Milutin Milankovitch was an astrophysicist who was famous for his revolutionizing theories that helped us better understand our climate. He
explained how the concepts of obliquity, eccentricity, and precession affect the amount of heat Earth receives. Milankovitch also explained
how this heat affects the climate on Earth. The term obliquity refers the
✓of Earth's axis. Eccentricity (e) describes how
circular Earth's orbit is. If e = 0, the seasonal changes on Earth would be
✓Precession explains the
of Earth's axis as it traces an imaginary circle, which affects Earth's solstices over time.
Reset
Next
Answers
The Obliquity, Eccentricity and Precession of the earth deals with the orbit of the earth and it's effects on seasonal changes on the earth.
What is Obliquity, Eccentricity and Precession of the earth?Obliquity is the angle the Earth's axis of rotation is tilted as it travels around the Sun.
Eccentricity refers to the shape of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
If e = 0 the seasonal changes on the earth will be milder and cooler.
Precession is the direction the Earth's axis of rotation is pointed.
Therefore, the Obliquity, Eccentricity and Precession of the earth deals with the orbit of the earth and it's effects on seasonal changes on the earth.
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5. Use a graphic organizer to explain the roles
that absorption, radiation, conduction, and
convection play in warming the atmosphere.
Answers
Absorption is required for the biosphere to absorb solar radiation, while conduction and convection also play to warming the atmosphere due to the spread process of heat across the whole ecosystem.
What are the processes of radiation, absorption and convection?Absorption is the process by which energy is taken up by a material, typically through electromagnetic radiation that is converted into heat, a form of energy that can be used to power chemical reactions, while convection is the transfer of heat through a fluid, such
Therefore, with this data, we can see that convection, radiation and absorption are closely related to global warming.
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Suppose that in a day Nigel can make three placemats or one gallon of maple syrup and Pauline can make two placemats or two gallons of maple syrup. Which of the following terms of trade would be mutually beneficial for Nigel and Pauline? - Nigel trades one placemat for 1/2 gallon of maple syrup from Pauline. - Pauline trades one placemat for 1/2 gallon of maple syrup from Nigel. - Nigel trades one placemat for two gallons of maple syrup from Pauline. - Pauline trades one placemat for two gallons of maple syrup from Nigel - Nigel trades one placemat for 1/4 gallon of maple syrup from Pauline.
Answers
The following terms of trade would be mutually beneficial for Nigel and Pauline : Nigel trades one placemat for 1/2 gallon of maple syrup from Pauline.
This is because they are only mutually advantageous in this case while engaging in trade. Because trading options 2,4 will not be profitable. Option 3 will benefit Nigel, and even Option 5 Trade will not be as profitable as Option 1.
Trade conditions are mutually beneficial as long as they are between the opportunity costs of the two nations. Any amount of medication higher than 1/3 but less than 1 traded for 1 cotton shirt, for example, would be mutually advantageous conditions of trade.
"An transaction is an exchange is an exchange; it is consensual and mutually beneficial," said the famous economist Frank Knight. This is probably the first lesson in economics that most students learn.
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Nigel and Pauline would benefit equally from the following terms of trade: One placemats is exchanged by Nigel for a half-gallon of maple syrup from Pauline.
This is because they are only mutually beneficial in this situation when trading. Because it will not be lucrative to trade options 2, 4, and 6. Nigel will earn from Option 3, while Option 5 Trade won't be as successful as Option 1 either.
As long as trade circumstances balance the opportunity costs of the two countries, they are advantageous to both parties. For instance, trading one cotton shirt for one dose of medicine would be mutually beneficial if the dosage was greater than 1/3 but lower than 1.
The renowned economist Frank Knight once remarked, "A transaction is a trade is an exchange; it is mutually advantageous and agreeable." Most students probably learn this concept of economics as their first lecture.
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How do transporters and channels select which solutes they help move across the membrane?
Both channels and transporters discriminate between solutes mainly on the basis of size and electric charge.
Channels allow the passage of solutes that are electrically charged; transporters facilitate the passage of molecules that are uncharged.
Channels discriminate between solutes mainly on the basis of size and electric charge; transporters bind their solutes with great specificity in the same way an enzyme binds its substrate.
Channels will allow the passage of any solute as long as it has an electric charge; transporters bind their solutes with great specificity in the same way an enzyme binds its substrate.
Transporters discriminate between solutes mainly on the basis of size and electric charge; channels bind their solutes with great specificity in the same way an enzyme binds its substrate.
Answers
Transporters and Channels select which solutes they help move across the membrane by : Channels distinguish between solutes primarily based on size and electric charge; transporters bind their solutes with high specificity, similar to how an enzyme binds its substrate.
Transporters and channels are membrane proteins that mediate the transport of metabolites, water, and ions across biological membranes. Membrane transport proteins are important for maintaining homeostasis and ensuring cell survival intracellularly or during environmental stress.
Channels are membrane-spanning water-filled pores through which substrates passively diffuse along electrochemical gradients when regulatory gates are open. Transporters undergo cycles of conformational changes associated with substrate binding and dissociation on opposite sides of the membrane. Membrane proteins that cause selective permeability are called ion channels, and other proteins called active transporters create and maintain ion gradients. As the name suggests, ion channels have pores that allow certain ions to pass through the nerve cell membrane.
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The bacterium E. coli requires simple organic molecules for growth and energy-it is
therefore a:
A. photoautotroph
B. chemoheterotroph
C. chemoautotroph
D. photoheterotroph.
E. lithotroph
Answers
The bacterium E. coli requires simple organic molecules for growth and energy it is therefore a chemoheterotroph. Here option B is the correct answer.
The bacterium E. coli is a chemoheterotroph, which means that it obtains energy from the oxidation of organic molecules and requires an external source of carbon for growth. E. coli can use a wide variety of simple organic molecules as a source of energy and carbon, including sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids.
A photoautotroph is an organism that uses light energy to produce its own food and doesn't require an external source of carbon. A chemoautotroph is an organism that produces its own food using inorganic compounds as a source of energy and carbon.
A photoheterotroph is an organism that uses light energy to obtain energy, but it still needs organic compounds as a source of carbon. A lithotroph is an organism that uses inorganic compounds as a source of energy and carbon.
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PLS I NEED HELPPPP. create a food chain. choose the biotic factors from the list and move them onto the hotspots marked with circles.
Answers
Answer:
the insects will eat the leaves, the minnows will eat the insects,the trout will eat the minnows and the herons will eat the trout
which of the following statements correctly describes the role of telomerase in eukaryotic cells?
Answers
Telomerase is an enzyme that adds repetitive sequences of DNA, called telomeres, to the ends of chromosomes in eukaryotic cells.
This helps to protect the chromosomes from damage and deterioration during cell division. Telomerase is active in embryonic cells and certain adult stem cells, but is generally not active in most somatic cells. This lack of telomerase activity is believed to contribute to the aging of cells and the development of certain diseases. In contrast, stem cells and certain cancer cells express telomerase and maintain telomere length, allowing them to continue dividing.
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Which leukocyte might you expect to find in higher quantities in a person experiencing allergies?
O neutrophil
O lymphocyte
O basophil
O eosinophil
Answers
Eosinophil finds in higher quantities in a person experiencing allergies.
A greater than usual level of eosinophils is called eosinophilia (e-o-sin-o-FILL-e-uh). White blood cells that combat sickness include eosinophils.
Most frequently, this condition is a sign of malignancy, an allergic reaction, or a parasite infection. Eosinophil levels might be high in tissues around an infection or inflammatory site or in your blood (blood eosinophilia) (tissue eosinophilia).
In samples obtained during an exploratory technique or in samples of some fluids, such as mucus expelled from nasal tissues, tissue eosinophilia may be discovered. Your bloodstream's eosinophil count is probably normal if you have tissue eosinophilia.
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One might find basophils in higher quantities in a person experiencing allergies, which means option C is the right answer.
White blood cells are the colorless particles present in Hemoglobin which fight against the foreign particles to prevent the person from diseases and infections. Allergy is any form of inflammation or abrupt change in body due to which some abnormal symptoms are felt. For example: rashes, nausea, sneezing etc. are some allergic symptoms. When body gets into contact with some other foreign particles, WBC release basophils which fight against these particles. Mast cells are the main players in the early phase of the allergic reaction. Neutrophils and eosinophils also increase in certain cases in allergic reactions.
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Question 31 Internal fertilization, leathery amniotic egg, and skin that resists drying are characteristics of O birds. O chondrichthyans. O nonbird reptiles. O amphibians. O mammals.
Answers
Internal fertilization, leathery amniotic egg, and skin that resists drying are characteristics of nonbird reptiles.
Internal fertilization most commonly occurs in terrestrial animals, although some aquatic animals also use this method. There are three ways to produce offspring after internal fertilization: oviparous, oviparous, and oviparous.
During the spawning stage, the fertilized egg is laid outside the female's body and develops there, feeding on the yolk that is part of the egg. This occurs in most bony fishes, many reptiles, some cartilaginous fishes, most amphibians, two mammals, and all birds. Reptiles and insects produce hard eggs, while birds and turtles produce eggs that have a high calcium carbonate content in their shells that makes them hard. These animals are classified as egg-laying.
Reptiles often have skin-covered eggs. This gives reptiles more protection than amphibians, whose eggs do not have a suitable shell but still require them to keep their eggs in a relatively humid environment. Examples of reptiles include snakes and lizards.
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-Which of the following is true about the human population? Group of answer choices: -The number of people on the planet is expected to go down in the next two decadesumber of people on the planet is expected to go down in the next two decades. -It has taken less and less time to grow the population by 1 billion people since the 1800s -The number of people on the planet has increased at a steady rate since the 1800s.
-The human population is expected to stay the same.
Answers
Since the 1800s, it has taken less and less time for the human population to increase by 1 billion people.
In terms of population, which of the following is accurate?People are a dynamic phenomena. A population's size, distribution, and makeup are always changing because population density is largely influenced by variables including immigration, birthrate, mortalityrate, and literacy rate. A significant barrier for a developing economy like India is the excessive population burden.
What exactly is a human population?The amount of people in a certain location is referred to as the "human population." The term "human population" simply refers to the total population of a region, which can be anything from a small town to the entire planet.
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Match each cellular component with the correct cell type: prokaryote, eukaryote, or both.
Prokaryote
Answers
Prokaryotes have a nucleoid. Eukaryotes have a nucleus and organelles.
Both prokaryotes and Eukaryotes contain ribosomes, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.
Prokaryotes:Has a nucleoid - the irregularly shaped region which consists of the genetic material is known as the nucleoid. But the nuclear membrane is not present in the prokaryotic cells as it is present in the eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotes:Has a nucleus - The genetic material in the eukaryotic cells is present in the nucleus. In prokaryotes, the genetic material is free in the cytoplasm. There is no distinct organelle separating the genetic material.
Has organelles - The eukaryotic cells consist of different cell organelles which are not present in the prokaryotic cells. The cell organelles present in eukaryotic cells include - Endoplasmic reticulum, Mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, ribosomes, etc.
Both prokaryotes and Eukaryotes:Contains ribosomes - Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are involved in protein synthesis. Hence, both cells contain ribosomes. The ribosomes in prokaryotes are in the 70s and the eukaryotes' ribosomes are in the 80s.
Has a cytoplasm - The material in the living cells which includes the cell organelles. The fluid part of the cell without the nucleus is known as the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Have cell membrane - Both the prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells have a cell membrane.
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Match each cellular component with the correct cell type: prokaryote, eukaryote, or both.
Has a nucleoid
Has a nucleus
Has organelles
Contains ribosomes
Has a cytoplasm
Have cell membrane
When three atomic orbitals are mixed to form hybrid orbitals, how many hybrid orbitals are formed?
A. four
B. five
C. two
D. three
E. six
Answers
"When three atomic orbitals are mixed to form a hybrid orbital, 3 hybrid orbitals are formed. Here option D is the correct answer.
When three atomic orbitals are mixed to form hybrid orbitals, three hybrid orbitals are formed. The mixing of atomic orbitals is a process called hybridization. This process occurs when the electrons of the atom move around and form new orbitals with different energy levels and orientations.
The new hybrid orbitals are formed by the combination of the original atomic orbitals, and the number of hybrid orbitals formed is equal to the number of atomic orbitals that were mixed.
It's important to note that the number of hybrid orbitals depends on the number of atomic orbitals involved in the hybridization process. The hybridization of s and p orbitals can form sp, sp2, and sp3 hybrid orbitals, and so on.
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A scientist sets up an experiment to test which fertilizer has the best effect on increasing fruit size in a single variety of avocado trees. They grow one group of avocado trees using Fertilizer-A, one group using Fertilizer-B, one group using Fertilizer-C, and one group grown without any fertilizer.
All the avocado trees are given the same amount of water and sunlight, and they are all grown during the same period of time.
Which of the following is the independent variable in this experiment?
The type of fertilizer used
The size of the avocados
The amount of water, sunlight, and time
The amount of water only
Answers
An independent variable in this experimental study is the type of fertilizer used for the growth of avocado. Thus, the correct option is A.
What are Variables?A variable is anything which can change on its own or can be changed. In other words, a variable is any factor which can be manipulated, controlled, or measured in an experimental study.
An experimental inquiry typically has three main types of variables which includes an independent variable, a dependent variable, and a controlled variable.
In the study, where all the factors are kept constant and same for the growth of avocado trees. The independent variable is the type of fertilizer used in the experiment.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
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Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors. Give examples of each
Answers
Living things, such as plants and animals.
Abiotic —
Non-living things, such as water and soil.
Which best describes the flow of genetic information?
Answers
The flow of genetic information is from DNA to RNA to proteins, in a process known as the Central Dogma.
What is the Central Dogma?
The Central Dogma is a scientific theory that explains the flow of genetic information in biological systems. It states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins. This process is essential for the production of proteins and other molecules that are needed for the functioning of the cell.
DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins. Proteins are the end products of this genetic information flow and are responsible for carrying out the functions of the cell.
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LIMITED TIME, HELP PLEASE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Which statement is most consistent with the theory of natural selection?
Select one:
Organisms learn to adapt to changes in their environment in order to survive.
Organisms that are best suited to survive will pass their traits to their offspring.
Different species breed with each other to produce offspring with new helpful characteristics.
Changes in the environment cause mutations that help organisms.
Answers
Organisms that are best suited to survive will pass their traits to their offspring.
This is the answer.
Which of the following abdominal muscles is not a part of the anterior abdominal wall? a. quadratus lumborum b. rectus abdominis c. interior oblique d. exterior oblique
Answers
A muscle of the posterior abdominal wall is the quadratus lumborum. So, choice a is the right one.
The quadratus lumborum muscle, which is located dorsal to the iliopsoas and deep inside the belly, is a part of the posterior abdominal wall. This muscle arises from the pelvis to the lowest rib. This muscle, which originates from the iliac crest and inserts on the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae one through five and the lower portion of the twelfth rib, is the deepest in the back.
As a result, this muscle extends the lumbar spine, stabilizes the lumbar region, can tilt laterally and can function as an accessory muscle for inspiration. Other muscles like the rectus abdominis, interior oblique, and exterior oblique form the anterior abdominal wall.
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Which of the following mutations would you expect to have the greatest effect on a living cell?
A)A mutation that changes a single base in a region of noncoding DNA
B)A mutation that changes the third letter of one of the three-base "words" in a particular gene
C)A mutation that deletes one base in the middle of a gene
Answers
C) A mutation that deletes one base in the middle of a gene would likely have the greatest effect on a living cell. This type of mutation can disrupt the reading frame of the gene, potentially altering the amino acid sequence of the protein it codes for and altering its function.
A mutation in a non-coding region of DNA would not have as much of an impact on a living cell as it would not affect the production of a protein. A mutation that changes one base in a codon would also have an effect, but it could be less severe than a frameshift mutation.
A gene is a specific sequence of DNA that codes for a specific protein. Proteins are important molecules that carry out various functions in the cell, such as catalyzing reactions, replicating DNA, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules across cell membranes. The sequence of a gene is read in groups of three bases, called codons, which code for specific amino acids that are used to build the protein.
A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can occur spontaneously or be induced by environmental factors. Some mutations have no effect on the function of the protein, while others can alter its structure and function.
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An individual that has two different alleles of a particular gene is said to be A. dihybrid. B. heterozygous. C. recessive. D. hemizygous. E. homozygous
Answers
Heterozygous refers to a person who possesses two distinct alleles of a given gene. The right response in this case is option B.
Heterozygous refers to a person who possesses two distinct alleles of a given gene. When a person is heterozygous, it implies they have two distinct copies of the same gene, one from each parent.
This is in contrast to homozygous, where an individual has two identical copies of a gene, and both copies were inherited from one parent. Dihybrid refers to an organism that inherits two pairs of different alleles for a trait. recessive and hemizygous are not related to the scenario described.
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Explain why B Thuringia sis is not a pathogen?
Explain why cancer is not a pathogen?
Answers
A pathogen is a type of microorganism that causes disease in its host.
B Thuringia sis is not a pathogen because it is a species of bacteria that is used as a biological pesticide to control certain pests, not a disease-causing organism.
Cancer is not a pathogen because it is not an infectious agent; it is a group of diseases caused by abnormal cell growth.
What do you mean by cancer?
Cancer is basically a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These are caused by changes in DNA of the affected cells. Symptoms vary depending on the type of cancer, but can include pain, fatigue, weight loss, and changes in appetite.
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What is one advantage of sexual over asexual reproduction?
A. Increased number of offspring
B. Faster reproduction
C. Large offspring
D. Increased variation of offspring
Answers
Answer: D. Increased variation of offspring
Explanation:
In sexual reproduction organisms reproduce offspring with a combination of traits from both parents, differing them from other animals of that organism. While in asexual reproduction, the parent splits their cells and created an offspring with the exact same genetic makeup of their parent.
Proteins use the process of active transport to move substances by: decreasing the water content in cells to get rid of excess acid or base levels accumulating hydrogen ions within the cell to attract the substances opening passages in the membrane and escorting substances into and out of the cell sending antibodies t0 cells to carry excess proteins out to where they are needed attaching themselves to minerals to carry them throughout the bloodstream
Answers
Proteins use the active transport method to transfer things by opening membrane passageways and leading them through the cell.
In what kind of active transport protein do you use?Instead of channel proteins, carrier proteins are used in active transport. Since these carrier proteins require ATP to change shape, they differ from those seen in facilitated diffusion.
How can protein assist in active transport?Specialized carrier proteins are needed for active transport, and cellular energy must be used. When a chemical is impermeable to the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane or when there is a concentration differential across the membrane, carrier proteins allow the chemical to pass.
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