_____ was the first expert system developed to determine the chemical structure of molecules.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

Dendral was the first expert system developed to determine the chemical structure of molecules.


Related Questions

Gas and dust are the primary components of the interstellar medium. They differ in structural form, elemental composition, and the density with which each is distributed across the interstellar medium. Complete the table by placing the physical descriptions of gas and dust in the appropriate column.

Answers

Gas: Structural Forms are Atoms and small molecules whereas Density is quite Low density

Dust: Structural Forms are Clumps of atoms and large molecules wherease Density is Extremely low density

Most of the gas between stars in our galaxy and other galaxies is hydrogen and helium, which is dispersed at different densities between the stars. The gas ratios are comparable to those of the Sun

A buildup of gas and dust falls under the influence of gravity to generate stars. From the moment the first gas cloud begins to compress to the time the star is formed and begins to shine like the Sun, the process of star creation takes roughly one million years.

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When a redox reaction that takes place in an acidic solution involves an oxygen imbalance, oxygen should be balanced by adding _____ as needed, while hydrogen should be balanced by adding _____.

Answers

Balancing redox reactions:

Oxygen should be balanced by adding [tex]H_{2}O[/tex]  as needed, while hydrogen should be balanced by adding [tex]H^{+}[/tex].

What is a redox reaction?

Redox reactions, also known as oxidation-reduction reactions, involve the simultaneous oxidation and reduction of two different reactants.

The Half-Equation Method is one technique used to balance redox processes. The equation is divided into two half-equations using this technique: one for oxidation and one for reduction.

By changing the coefficients and adding [tex]H_{2}O[/tex], [tex]H^{+}[/tex], and [tex]e^{-}[/tex] in that order, each reaction is brought into equilibrium:

By putting the right number of water ([tex]H_{2}O[/tex]) molecules on the other side of the equation, the oxygen atoms are brought into balance.By adding [tex]H^{+}[/tex] ions to the opposing side of the equation, one can balance the hydrogen atoms (including those added in step 2 to balance the oxygen atom).Total the fees for each side. Add enough electrons ([tex]e^{-}[/tex]) to the more positive side to make them equal. (As a general rule, [tex]e^{-}[/tex] and  [tex]H^{+}[/tex]are nearly always on the same side.)The [tex]e^{-}[/tex] on either side must be made equal; if not, they must be multiplied by the lowest common multiple (LCM) in order to make them equal.One balanced equation is created by adding the two half-equations and canceling out the electrons. Additionally, common terms should be eliminated.Now that the equation has been verified, it can be balanced.

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How does the appearance of
the protist differ from that of the onion sample?

Answers

The appearance of the protist differ from that of the onion sample due to the presence of motile structures.

What is a Protist?

This is an eukaryote which could be unicellular or multicellular and examples include protozoa etc.

The major difference between a protist and onion sample is that protists have motile structures such as flagella, cilia etc while plant cells such as onions don't have.

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A cyclinder has a volume of 703 cm3 and a height of 18.5 cm. What can be concluded about the cyclinder

Answers

The volume of a cylinder's formula can be used to find the area of the base.

The formula - r2 h, where r is the cylinder's radius and h is its height, determines the volume of a cylinder.

The density of a cylinder is determined by its volume, which represents how much material may be immersed in it or carried inside of it. The formula r2h, where r is the radius of the circular base and h is the height of the cylinder, determines the volume of a cylinder. Any substance that can fill the cylinder consistently with liquid or another material may be used as the material.

The ratio of the base area to the height can be used to calculate the volume of a cylinder

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One type of acid-base buffer is composed of a weak , which will react with any added base, and its conjugate , which will react with any added acid.

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One type of acid-base buffer is composed of a weak acid , which will react with any added base, and its conjugate base, which will react with any added acid.

The buffer's weak base and strong acid combine to form a weak acid, which changes the pH only little and releases few H ions into solution.

What is a Buffer solution ?

A weak acid and the conjugate base of the weak acid, or a weak base and the conjugate acid of the weak base, are combined to form the buffer solution, a water-based solvent solution.

They withstand being diluted or having modest amounts of acid or alkali added to them without changing their pH.

In order to maintain the moderate pH, buffers act by neutralising any additional acid (H+ ions) or base (OH- ions), making them a weaker acid or base.

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If 30.0 mL of 0.150 M CaCl₂ is added to 38.5 mL of 0.100 M AgNO3, what is the mass of the AgCl precipitate?

Answers

If 30.0 mL of 0.150 M CaCl₂ is added to 38.5 mL of 0.100 M AgNO3. The mass of the AgCl precipitate is 0.552 g.

What is Stoichiometry ?

Stoichiometry helps us use the balanced chemical equation to measure quantitative relationships and it is to calculate the amounts of products and reactants that are given in a reaction.

What is Balanced Chemical Equation ?

The balanced chemical equation is the equation in which the number of atoms on the reactant side is equal to the number of atoms on the product side in an equation.

Now we have to write the balanced equation

2AgNO₃ + CaCl₂ →  2AgCl + Ca(NO₃)₂

Molecular Weight of CaCl₂ = 110.98 g/mol

Molecular Weight of AgNO₃ = 170.01 g/mol

Molecular Weight of AgCl = 143.45 g/mol

Here,

Volume of CaCl₂ = 30.0 mL = 0.03L

Volume of AgNO₃ = 38.5 mL = 0.0385 L

Now find the number of moles

Number of moles = Volume × Molarity

                         

Number of moles of CaCl₂ = 0.03 L × 0.150

                                             = 0.00456 mol

Number of moles of AgNO₃ = 0.0385 L × 0.100

                                               = 0.00385 mol

The stoichiometric ratio of AgNO₃ to CaCl₂ is 2:1.

= [tex]\frac{0.00385}{2}[/tex]

= 0.001925 mol                      

According to Stoichiometry Mass of AgCl

[tex]= 0.0385 \times \frac{0.1}{1\ \text{mol}} \times \frac{2\ \text{mol} AgCl}{2\ \text{mol} AgNO_3} \times \frac{143.4\ g}{1\ \text{mol}}[/tex]

= 0.552 g AgCl

Thus from the above conclusion we can say that If 30.0 mL of 0.150 M CaCl₂ is added to 38.5 mL of 0.100 M AgNO3. The mass of the AgCl precipitate is 0.552 g.

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1. What is lithification? Explain how this process takes place.
2. Why do the rock layers differ in color?
3. If you see a sedimentary outcrop and red layers of sand are at the top of pale layers of rock, what does this tell you about the ages of the rock layers?

Answers

Lithification simply refers to the process in which deposited loose grains of sediment are converted into rock.

Rock layer differ in colour because they are determined by the environment where they are deposited

What is a rock?

Rock is a solid mineral material which forms part of the surface of the earth

So therefore, lithification simply refers to the process in which deposited loose grains of sediment are converted into rock.

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A student started with 0.3295 g of copper. The mass of filter paper and copper (II) oxide product was found to be 0.5723 g, and that of the filter paper alone was 0.2568 g. Calculate the percent yield of copper (II) oxide.

Answers

The percent yield will be 95.75%

Percent yield

Mass of copper = 0.3295 g

Mass of filter paper + copper (II) oxide = 0.5723

Mass of filter paper only = 0.2568

Mass of copper (II) oxide = 0.5723 - 0.2568 = 0.3155

Percent yield = yield/total x 100%

                      = 0.3155/0.3295 x 100% = 95.75%

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Which answer best describes what is happening in the following reaction?

2C8H18 + 25O2 Right arrow. 16CO2 + 18H2O
This is not a redox reaction. It is an example of combustion.
This is a redox reaction in which octane (C8H18) is the reducing agent.
This is a redox reaction in which carbon dioxide (CO2) burns due to ignition.
This is not a redox reaction, because a solution of carbon dioxide and water results.

Answers

A.  This is not a redox reaction. It is an example of combustion.

Combustion reaction of hydrocarbon

During the combustion of a hydrocarbon, the hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to create carbon dioxide, water, and heat.

Example of combustion reaction

2C8H18 + 25O2 → 16CO2 + 18H2O

Thus, we can conclude that, this is not a redox reaction. It is an example of combustion.

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Answer:

A: This is not a redox reaction. It is an example of combustion.

Explanation:

A teacher divides her class into four groups. She assigns
each group the task of measuring the temperature of a
given object three times. The teacher already knows that
the temperature of the object is 31°C.
Based on each group's results, which group makes the most precise
measurements of the object's temperature?
A. Group A: 31.0°C, 32.0°C, 30.0°C
B. Group B: 29.5°C, 33.0°C, 31.8°C
OC. Group C: 32.1°C, 31.9°C, 31.8°C
D. Group D: 29.0°C, 35.0°C, 32.0°C

Answers

Group C : 32.1°C , 31.9°C, 31.8°C makes the most precise measurements of the object's temperature.

Precision :The degree of similarity between study results of the experiment if they were performed today under comparable conditions.

If repeated measurements yield similar results, the measurement is considered precise (or repeated surveys).

It means how closely all the results are related .

Therefore, there should be less difference between the measurements of all the results.

In option (a) , there is a difference of 1° in all the results.

In option (b) , there is a difference of approximately 1.5° in all the results.

In option (c), there is only 0.2° difference in all the results.

In option (d) , there is a difference of 3° in all the results.

Therefore, All the option of group (c) are closely related.

Hence, Group (c) 32.1°C, 31.9°C, 31.8°C makes the most precise

measurements of the object's temperature.

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If you were presented with 2 liters of a 2m sucrose stock solution, how many grams of sugar would be in a 100ml aliquot?

Answers

Answer:

68.46 gms

Explanation:

2 molal solution means there is 2 moles of sucrose per kg of solvent (generally 1000 cc)

2 moles / 1000 ml * 100 ml = .2 moles

mole weight of sucrose = 342.3 gm/mole

342.3 gm/mole * .2 mole = 68.46 gms

Lead is a toxic metal that affects the central nervous system. A Pb-contaminated water sample contains 0.0011% Pb by mass. How much of the water (in mL) contains 150 mg of Pb

Answers

Lead is a toxic metal that affects the central nervous system. A Pb-contaminated water sample contains 0.0011% Pb by mass. 13.6 × 10³ ml water contains 150 mg of Pb.

How to calculate the mass of solution ?

Given percentage of Pb present in the sample solution is 0.0011%

That means 0.0011 grams of Pb present in the 100g of solution.

So,

= [tex]\frac{0.150\ \text{g Pb} \times 100\ \text{g water}}{0.0011\ \text{g of Pb}}[/tex]

= 13.6 × 10³ g water

What is Density ?

The mass per unit volume is called density. Density is represented as D or ρ.

It is expressed as:

[tex]\rho = \frac{m}{V}[/tex]

where,

ρ = Density

m = mass of the object

V = Volume of object

Now put the value in above expression we get

[tex]\rho = \frac{m}{V}[/tex]

[tex]1\ g/ml = \frac{13.6 \times 10^3}{V}[/tex]

V = 13.6 × 10³ ml

Thus from the above conclusion we can say that Lead is a toxic metal that affects the central nervous system. A Pb-contaminated water sample contains 0.0011% Pb by mass. 13.6 × 10³ ml water contains 150 mg of Pb.

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Help, Kinda struggling here

Answers

The water cycle will be discussed here.

What is Water cycle?

This is defined as the continuous manner in which water is moved within the earth and the atmosphere.'

The water cycle comprises of steps such as:

EvaporationCondensationPrecipitation

Humans however disrupt water cycle through the damming of rivers and deforestation.

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Uranium hexafluoride is a solid at room temperature, but it boils at 56C. Determine the density of uranium hexafluoride at 60.C and 745 torr.

Answers

Answer: The density of Uranium Hexafluoride at 60 °C and 745 torr is 0.0127 g/ml

Explanation:

Uranium Hexafluoride is only present as gas at 60 °C and 745 torr.

So, we know PV = nRT, from that

n/V = P/ RT = (745 torr)/(62.36 L-torr/mol*K)(337 K) = 0.0354 mol/L.

Density = (352.02 g/mol)(0.0354 mol/L)/(1000 cm³/L) = 0.0127 g/cm³

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Compare how fast the rate of CO2 increase is in the last few hundred years with the rate of increase (or decrease, for that matter) in the preceding 400,000 years. What are the primary factors driving this change (that weren't present before

Answers

The rate of CO2 increase is in the last few hundred years is 10 times more with the rate of increase (or decrease, for that matter) in the preceding 400,000 years.

There are many possible reasons for this cause , some primary factors are listed below:

Increase in populationincreased emission of green house gases, as we all know auto mobile industry is growing rapidly and this vehicles releases harmful gases like CO2, CO ,etc. and increases carbon % , this CO2 is a main gas component in green house effect.Deforestation, as the amount of plant decreases the CO2 present in atmosphere increases, plants uses CO2 and sun lite to make their food via photosynthesis.Increased emission of Industrial flue gases, etc.

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Consider the following equation in chemical equilibrium. C2H4(g) H2(g) C2H6(g) 137 kJ What happens to the amount of ethane (C2H6) when the temperature of the system is increased

Answers

The amount of ethane decreases

increasing the temperature (adding energy), will drive the reaction to the left

What happens to the amount of ethane (C2H6) when the temperature of the system is increased ?

C2H4(g) <--> C2H6(g) + 137 kJ

because this reaction is an exothermic reaction and the heat is a product of this reaction, So when the number of temperature increases

so (more heat will be added) so the reaction will go leftward (toward reactants ) so the amount of C2H4 & H2 will increase and the amount of ethane C2H6 will decrease.

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The following reversible reaction is at equilibrium. If the concentration of HCI is increased, how would
the system react?
NH4CI NH3 + HCI

A. Nothing would change.
B. The reaction would move to the right, producing more NH3.
C. The reaction would move to the left, producing more NH4CI.
D. There would only be HCI remaining.

Answers

Answer:

C.) The reaction would move to the left, producing more NH₄CI.

Explanation:

The chemical equation:

NH₄Cl ↔ NH₃ + HCl

If you were to increase the amount of HCl, the equilibrium would shift to the left. This is because the system is trying to go back to equilibrium. The equilibrium was disturbed when more product (HCl) was added. In order to restore equilibrium, you need to do the same thing that was done to the products to the reactants. In other words, since the products increased, the reactants need to increase.

When testing the temperature of catalase, what would happen if you changed the temperature using the same tube with the same catalase and hydrogen oxide mixture?.

Answers

The substrate and enzyme would bind and react before all temperatures could be tested.

Before all temperatures could be tested, the enzyme would stop functioning after a short while.

What happens to the substrate and the enzyme?

The enzyme and the substrate would bind and the reaction would breakdown hydrogen peroxide into hydrogen and oxygen. Once the majority of the substrate was consumed, the reaction would not proceed even if the enzyme was at the optimal temperature.

Specific substrate binding is a property of enzymes. For example, the enzyme catalase exclusively binds to hydrogen peroxide as a substrate.

The enzyme forms a complex with the substrate when it attaches to its active site, breaking down the substrate into products.

I understand the question you are looking for is this:

When testing the temperature of catalase, what would happen if you changed the temperature using the same tube with the same catalase and hydrogen oxide mixture?

The substrate would stop working after a few minutes before all temperatures could be tested.The enzyme would stop working after a few minutes before all temperatures could be tested.The substrate and enzyme would bind and react before all temperatures could be tested.

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The body of a speech consists of a. thesis statements and introductions. b. a restatement of the thesis and statement of closure. c. specific purpose statements and internal summaries. d. main points, supporting points, and transitions.

Answers

Main points, supporting points, and transitions

The body is everything but the introduction and the conclusion. The body of a speech is made up of main points, supporting points, transitions

What is Body of Speech ?

The body of a speech is the center part of the speech that discusses the main ideas and key concepts of the speech.

Main points. are the key ideas you present to enable your speech to accomplish its specific purpose.

In a composition or speech, a supporting detail is a fact, description, example, quotation, anecdote, or other item of information used to back up a claim, illustrate a point, explain an idea, or otherwise support a thesis or topic sentence

a transition is a sentence where the speaker summarizes what was said in one point and previews what is going to be discussed in the next point.

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A molecule that contains delocalized electrons ________

Answers

Answer:

benzene molecule

Explanation:

The molecules exhibiting delocalization of electrons will have at least two resonance structures. These two resonance structure are having the equal energy.

What is resonance?

Resonance is an electronic property of molecules by which, the sigma bond or pi bond moves from one location to other forming different mesomeric structures of the compound.

For example carbon dioxide can have two resonance structures.The lone pair in oxygen delocalize from one oxygen to the other. The double bond with carbon can be of either side of carbon. Thus one negative charge forms for one oxygen. This charge can be on the second hydrogen too.

In this way free electrons can delocalise through the orbitals and this process make the molecule more stable. The resonance structures together form the canonical structure which is the most probable and stable form of the compound.

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A tank at is filled with of dinitrogen monoxide gas and of dinitrogen difluoride gas. you can assume both gases behave as ideal gases under these conditions. calculate the partial pressure of each gas in the tank. round each of your answers to significant digits

Answers

Partial Pressure for dinitrogen monoxide gas is 187 kPa

Partial Pressure for sulfur tetrafluoride gas is 33.4 kPa.

To calculate partial pressure first we need to calculate number of moles (n).

Mole (n) = mass/molar mass

Number of moles of dinitrogen monoxide gas= 17.7/44 gram per mole = 0.4023.

n=0.4023

Number of moles of sulfur tetrafluoride= 7.77/108.1 = 0.07188 moles.

Pressure × volume = number of moles × gas constant, R × temperature.

Pressure = n × R × T/ V.

For dinitrogen monoxide gas -

Partial Pressure = 0.4023 × 8.314 × 280.03 / 5 × 10^-3 = 187 kPa.

Partial pressure of dinitrogen monoxide gas = 187kPa.

For sulfur tetrafluoride gas-

Partial Pressure = 0.07188 × 8.314 ( × 280.03 / 5 × 10^-3) = 33.4 kPa.

Partial pressure of sulfur tetrafluoride = 33.4kPa.

So, Partial pressure of dinitrogen monoxide gas = 187kPa.

Partial pressure of sulfur tetrafluoride = 33.4kPa.

Disclaimer = This question is incomplete. Please find the full content below.

Question:

5.00L tank at 7.03°C is filled with 17.7g of dinitrogen monoxide gas and

7.77g of sulfur tetrafluoride gas

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casey is ready for lab. He has on all necessary lab attire, and he has read through his procedure. He looks at his procedure and sees that it tells him to use a test tube to conduct a reaction. The test tube will need to be heated. Casey picks up the test tube, places the necessary substances inside, and heats the test tube. Which lab safety rule did Casey break

Answers

Rules that Casey breaks:

He didn't carefully examine the glassware before utilizing it.

Lab safety rules:

Accidents do occur. Even a slight angle heating of the test tube can cause heating liquid to shoot out of the test tube. This is why the experimenter must always wear safety glasses and the test tube must be positioned away from any other individuals. Avoid smelling or tasting chemicals.Properly dispose of lab waste.Avoid self-experimenting.Avoid eating or drinking in the lab.Unless instructed otherwise by your teacher, never pour any chemicals down the sink.Always dispose of broken glass in the appropriate container. Never throw broken glass in the trash.Always be aware of where the safety equipment is and how to use it.Always leave your lab station completely clean. Always take your time and never leave any containers open.

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? Question
The article mentions that the difference in the responses of men and women to the research study could be due to
confirmation bias. Use the Internet to look up "confirmation bias." Which of the following statements could support the
view that the difference is due to confirmation bias?
Select all the correct answers.
Many of the men may believe that they are fair and unbiased against women.
Many of the women may already believe that they face biases.
More men than women participated in the study.
The men who participated in the study were younger than the women.

Answers

Many of the men may believe that they are fair and unbiased against women.

Many of the women may already believe that they face biases.

What is confirmation bias ?

The propensity to seek for, understand, favor, and remember information that supports or confirms one's preexisting opinions or values is known as confirmation bias. People exhibit this bias when they choose facts that support their opinions while rejecting those that contradict them or when they interpret ambiguous facts as supporting their preexisting beliefs. Although confirmation bias cannot be completely avoided, it can be controlled, for instance, by critical thinking education and training.

Confirmation bias has been linked to poor decisions in the scientific, organizational, financial, and political spheres. These biases can preserve or reinforce views in the face of contradictory data and contribute to overconfidence in personal opinions.

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Answer:

Many of the men may believe that they are fair and unbiased against women.

Many of the women may already believe that they face biases.

Explanation:

Which describes the oxidizing agent in a chemical reaction?
the substance that is oxidized because it loses electrons
the substance that is reduced because it loses electrons
the substance that is oxidized because it gains electrons
the substance that is reduced because it gains electron

Answers

The oxidizing agent are the substance that is reduced because it gains electrons.

What is an oxidizing agent?

An oxidizing agent is defined as the agent that is capable of undergoing oxidation reaction by losing an electron.

The following are the characteristics of an oxidizing agent:

At the end of the chemical reaction they are reduced,

They gain electrons during chemical reaction.

They can easily transfer their oxygen atoms.

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Answer:

D: the substance that is reduced because it gains electrons.

Explanation:

Vinegar contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with percent masses of 40.01% C, 6.70% H, and 53.29% O, respectively. Determine the empirical and molecular formulas of the compound. The molar mass of vinegar is about 60 g/mol. HOW DO WE GET THERE

Answers

The empirical formula is = C2H4O2

Molecular formula=C2H4O2

Calculation of Molecular formula and empirical formula:-

Vinegar has three elements:

oxygen = 53.29%,

hydrogen = 6.70%,

and carbon = 40.01%.

We can create an equation for the total mass of vinegar with 'a' carbon atom,' b' hydrogen atom, and 'c' oxygen atoms using the molar masses of C, H, and O.

12*a + 1*b + 16*c = 60

We also know that C makes up 24 g/mol, or 40.01 percent, of the overall mass of 60 g/mol.

The formula contains two C atoms because each C atom has a molecular mass of 12 g/mol. You may determine that the formula contains 4 H and 2 O atoms by using the same reasoning for H and O.

The empirical formula is = C2H4O2

Molecular formula= (C2H4O2)n

(4 x 12 + 1 x 4 + 16 x 2)n = 60

(84)n = 60

n=60/84

n=0.71=1

Molecular formula=C2H4O2

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26.10 mL of a 0.250 M potassium carbonate solution is reacted with excess hydroiodic acid. How many grams of gas formed are in the balanced equation

Answers

Answer:

Below in bold.

Explanation:

The equation is:

K2CO3 + 2HCl ---->  2KCl + CO2 + H2O

So 1 mole of K2CO3 produces 1 mole of CO2.

Number of moles of K2CO3 in the solution

= 0.25 * 26.10 / 1000

= 0.00625 moles

This produces 0.00625 moles of CO2

which is 0.00625*44

= 0.2871 grams.

By replacing hardware safety features with software controls in the therac-25 machine, aecl was able to?

Answers

Therac-25, AECL was able to reduce costs by replacing hardware safety features with software controls.

the Therac-25 was a laptop-controlled radiation therapy machine produced by Atomic energy state Canada limited in 1982 after the Therac-6 and Therac-20 units. It was involved in at least six accidents between 1985 and 1987, in which patients were given massive overdoses state radiation.

The Therac-25 machine was a state-of-the-art linear accelerator developed by using the company Atomic strength Canada restricted (AECL) and a French company CGR to provide radiation treatment to cancer sufferers. The Therac-25 become the most computerized and complicated radiation therapy device state its time.

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What happens to heat energy when it is not increasing the temperature of the substance in the beaker

Answers

Answer:

See below

Explanation:

It is melting the ice ( or other solid) at a constant temperature...the solid will absorb heat as it melts but remain at the same temp

Consider the reaction below. 2al2o3 → 4al 3o2 what is the mole ratio of oxygen to aluminum? o2:al = :4

Answers

Answer:

3/4

Explanation:

2Al2O3 → 4Al + 3O2

Molar ratio of oxygen to aluminum is 3/4.

Answer: 3:4

Explanation: Got it right on Edge

In calorimetry, what physical quantity do we measure to qualitatively assess if a reaction is endothermic or exothermic?.

Answers

The physical quantity used to qualitatively assess if a reaction is endothermic or exothermic in calorimetry is heat.

What is calorimetry?

Measurements of heat transferred to or from a substance are determined using calorimetry.

Assessment of the reaction:The heat generated by an exothermic reaction in solution is trapped in the calorimeter when we perform the process, raising the temperature of the solution. Running an endothermic reaction causes the solution's temperature to drop as the reaction's heat source is removed from the solution.Characteristics of endothermic reaction:Any chemical process that takes heat from its surroundings is said to be endothermic. The reaction's activation energy comes from the energy that was absorbed. This kind of reaction is characterized by its cold sensation.

Characteristics of exothermic reaction:Exothermic simply means releasing heat. As an exothermic process develops, energy, frequently in the form of heat, is released.In an exothermic reaction, it takes less energy to break bonds in the reactants than is released when new bonds form in the products.

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The physical quantity used to qualitatively assess if a reaction is endothermic or exothermic in calorimetry is heat.

What is calorimetry?

Measurements of heat transferred to or from a substance are determined using calorimetry.

Assessment of the reaction:The heat generated by an exothermic reaction in solution is trapped in the calorimeter when we perform the process, raising the temperature of the solution.Running an endothermic reaction causes the solution's temperature to drop as the reaction's heat source is removed from the solution.

Characteristics of endothermic reaction:

Any chemical process that takes heat from its surroundings is said to be endothermic.The reaction's activation energy comes from the energy that was absorbed.This kind of reaction is characterized by its cold sensation.

Characteristics of exothermic reaction:Exothermic simply means releasing heat.As an exothermic process develops, energy, frequently in the form of heat, is released.In an exothermic reaction, it takes less energy to break bonds in the reactants than is released when new bonds form in the products.

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