The study of biology can be understood through the organizational hierarchy of life. Each level of life builds upon the next level, and this increasing complexity is what leads from molecules up to an entire ecosystem. How is the community level different from the other levels of life
The community level is different from the other levels of life as a community is made up of all the species that can coexist and possibly interact in one place.
The study of biology can be understood through the organizational hierarchy of life.
Each level of life builds upon the next level, and this increasing complexity is what leads from molecules up to an entire ecosystem.
In biology, the term "community" describes the collection of coexisting, interacting organisms, whether they are of the same species or not.
Members of a community tend to influence each other's abundance, distribution, adaption, and existence as a result of their interactions.
Community function and community structure are two of its key characteristics.
The community function is related to energy flow, community resilience, and community resistance while community structure is related to biotic composition.
Hence, the community level is different from the other levels of life.
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Calculate the minute ventilation for the 5mm tube and then for the 3 mm tube. What effect does decreasing tube radius have on resistance and minute ventilation?
Calculating minute ventilation, this formula should be used:
Minute ventilation = tidal volume x respiratory rate (normal is 4-6 L/min) Tidal volume = alveolar space + dead space.What is minute ventilation?Minute ventilation is the tidal volume times the respiratory rate, usually, 500 mL × 12 breaths/min = 6000 mL/min.
Therefore, the 5mm tube will be calculated as:
500 x 15= 7,500 mL/min.
And the 3mm tube will be calculated as:
65 x 15= 975mL/min
The effect decreasing the tube radius will have on increased resistance and minute ventilation is that there will be a decrease in the tube minute ventilation.
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A____is a musculoskeleteal injury in which there is a partiral or temporay seperation of the bone ends as well as partial tretdhcing or teaing of the supporting ligamentes
Dislocations is a musculoskeletal injury in which there is a partial or temporary separation of the bone ends as well as partial tearing of the supporting ligaments .
4 types of musculoskeletal injuries includes repetitive strain injuries (RSIs), repetitive motion injuries, cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs), work-related upper limb disorders (WRULDs).
Most common type of musculoskeletal injury is Muscle Strains, back pain, and arthritis . Muscle strains can happen due to improper technique of lifting heavy objects, lifting too much weight at one time, and repetitive movements. The key symptoms of a muscle strain are sudden pain that worsens while contracting the muscle, swelling and bruising, loss of strength and range of motion. People often report the sensation of pain as the feeling of being "stabbed." When muscle is initially injured, significant inflammation and swelling occurs.
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Identify the major species, other than water and potassium ions, at these points
The major species at the points are:
A = acetic acidB = acetate ionC = acetate ionD = hydroxide ionWhat are the the major species, other than water and potassium ions, at the given points?The reaction between acetic acid and potassium hydroxide is a neutralization reaction.
The equation of the reaction is given below:
CH₃COOH + KOH → CH₃COOK + H₂OThe graph of the titration shown, the major species at the points are as follows:
A = acetic acidB = acetate ionC = acetate ionD = hydroxide ionIn conclusion, the reaction between acetic acid and potassium hydroxide produces potassium acetate and water.
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The ____________ is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration. The volume of air exchanged during normal breathing is called the ____________ . After a normal inspiration, the amount of air that can then be inspired forcefully is called the ____________ . The total lung capacity minus the residual volume equals the ____________ . The vital capacity minus the ____________ equals the inspiratory capacity. The effects of ____________ , such as asthma or emphysema, may be determined by measuring rapid exhalation with a spirometer.
The residual air is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration. The volume of air exchanged during normal breathing is called the tidal volume. After a normal inspiration, the amount of air that can then be inspired forcefully is called the inspiratory reserve volume. The total lung capacity minus the residual volume equals the vital capacity. The vital capacity minus the expiratory reserve volume equals the inspiratory capacity. The effects of obstructive disorders, such as asthma or emphysema, may be determined by measuring rapid exhalation with a spirometer.
The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. These lungs are also the site of exchange of gases. The air is inspired through the nostrils and this air then reaches the lungs, where the oxygen from air is trapped in the alveoli. This oxygen then diffuses into the bloodstream through capillaries, which is then sent to the heart. From the heart this oxygenated blood travels to different parts of the body. There are several different units of measurement that are used for the measurement of inspired and expired air and their volume.
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Which statement best describes the cell membrane?
1. It is found only in animal cells
2. It is a nonliving structure
3. It controls reproduction in a cell
4. It controls the passage of materials into the cell
Answer:
The correct answer is 4
Explanation:
The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, is found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. The cell membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.
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g Why is a vegetarian diet ecologically and energetically less expensive than a diet that includes meat
Vegetarians have more energy available since they are one trophic level lower than the other parents. Producers are essentially where vegetarianism begins.
What is vegetarian diet?Diets based on plants typically use a lot less energy than diets based on livestock. This is mostly a result of the need to feed livestock animals a lot of vegetation. For instance, when a person consumes a plant, around 20% of the plant's energy is transferred to the person for use as fuel or to repair bodily tissue.The same grains and soybeans that are farmed for animal feed are also used to feed humans. Feeding meat eaters requires more space than feeding vegetarians does. Additionally, a pound of beef requires 5 to 15 pounds of grain to be produced.Vegetarians have more energy available since they are one trophic level lower than the other parents. Producers are essentially where vegetarianism begins.Learn more about vegetarian diet here:
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Which of the samples are composed of matter? sound of a birdsong ice cubes in a glass warmth from a fire air inside a balloon clouds in the sky
Ice cubes in a glass samples are composed of matter. Matter is a physical object that you can hold.
What are the properties of matter ?Matter is defined as as the physical object with total mass occupied in space, as all the physical structures are derived from matter, present in three basic states such as solid, liquid, and gaseous states.
The basic unit of matter is called as atoms that make up the objects which can be visible and sensed, the amount of matter present in an object can be calculated by its mass.
The physical property of matter is not dependent on its chemical composition such as Density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical conductivity are the examples.
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Raising your hand and placing it on the shoulder of a person standing in front of you, requires __________ of the shoulder.
Answer:
flexion
Raising your hand and placing it on the shoulder of a person standing in front of you, requires flexion of the shoulder.
Explanation:
During flexion, also known as bending, the angle between the two moving parts is reduced (bones or body parts), again this is just bending in simple terms, which is the case for this question.
In the electrolysis of water, how long will it take to produce 115.0 L of H2 at 1.0 atm and 273 K using an electrolytic cell through which the current is 121.0 mA
It will take 2273 h.
Here, the ideal gas equation is used.
What is the ideal gas law?According to the ideal gas law, a gas's pressure is directly proportional to its volume and temperature.
[tex]PV = nRT\\[/tex]
where,
P = Pressure
V = Volume
n = No. of moles
R = Ideal gas constant
T = Temperature
Given,
V = 115.0 L
P = 1 atm
T = 273 K
I = 121 mA
R = 0.0821 atm. L/mol.K
Put the values in the above formula
[tex]n = \frac{PV}{RT}[/tex]
[tex]= \frac{1(115)}{(0.0821) (273)}[/tex]
[tex]= 5.13 mol[/tex]
The equation says,
2H⁺ + 2e⁻ → H₂
no. of electrons = 2
1 mol of the electron produces a 96500 C charge
5.13 mol of electrons will give = 5.13 × 2 × 96500
= 990,090 C
I = 121 mA = 0.121 C/s (1mA = 0.001 C/s)
We know,
q = It
where,
q = charge
I = current
t = time
t = q/I
t = 990,090/ 0.121
t = 8182562 s
t = 2273 h
Therefore, it will take 2273 h.
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Based on the ratios in the f2 population, how many genes are involved in the production of color?
There are many traits in human which is determine by polygenic inheritance such as skin co-lour, hair co-lour, eyes co-lour, height , risk for diseases and resistance , intelligence, etc.
Inheritance of skin pigmentation is polytechnic inheritance .In thee F2 generation -AaBbCc * AaBbCc mate they varying range from dark to very light ,F2 generation of two triple hetero-zygotes.
Punnet square showing F2 generation offspring continuous variation.The expression of poly-genes is greatly influenced by environment conditions.There are genetically basis for human skin co-lour because of more than 100 different genes involved which produce melanin pigment which responsible for co-lour of a person.
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What is the best evidence to
prove that Irene was heterozygous for hemophilia?
Elizabeth IS not a carrier for the trait.
Tatiana carried the recessive allele.
Her brother has
hemophilia and her sister is a carrier.
Two of her sons have hemophilia and one does not.
The best evidence would be two of her sons having hemophilia while one does not.
HemophiliaHemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disorder. This means that females can be homzygous normal, heterozygous, or affected by the disorder while males can either be normal or affected.
Why? This is because males have only one X chromosome (XY) while females have 2 X chromosomes (XX).
Also, the X chromosomes in males are always from their mothers while their Y chromosomes come from the father.
So, if the two X chromosomes of Irene are normal for hemophilia, none of her sons should be affected. If the two X chromosomes are affected, all her sons will have the disorders.
When one X chromosome is affected and the other is normal, it means that some of her sons will inherit the affected chromosome and have the disorder while some will inherit the normal chromosome and will be free from hemophilia.
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The strongest evidence that Irene is heterozygous for the condition is the fact that two of her boys have hemophilia and one does not. Because hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder, the X chromosome plays a role in its genesis. Males only have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas females have two X chromosomes.
If Irene were homozygous for the normal allele (non-carrier), none of her boys would receive an incorrect X chromosome, preventing them from developing hemophilia. If Irene were homozygous for the hemophilia allele (affected), all of her sons would be affected by the disease since they would inherit her X chromosome.
However, Irene may be a carrier of the hemophilia allele given that two of her sons have the condition while one does not. As a transporter, she has one typical X chromosome and one X chromosome conveying the hemophilia allele. She can pass either the typical or the hemophilia allele to her posterity, bringing about a blend of impacted and unaffected kids.
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The oldest true fossils are trace fossils called ___________________________ found in australia, and dated between 3.5 to 3.3 billion years old.
The oldest true fossils are trace fossils called Stromatolites found in Australia, and dated between 3.5 to 3.3 billion years old.
Raphael Baumgartner and their team have finally uncovered evidence of organic matter in the ancient rock formations known as stromatolites found at the Dresser Formation fossil site in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. They detail their findings in a new article published in the journal Geology.
With a variety of methods, including scanning electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry, and stable carbon isotope analysis, the researchers examined the samples in thin slices.
According to the team's analyses, pyrite, a mineral with many tiny pores, makes up the majority of the stromatolites. Additionally, the pyrite contains nitrogen-bearing organic material and strands and filaments of organic material that closely resemble the remains of microbial biofilm colonies.
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In which of the domains would it be easiest to determine the phylogenetic relationships among organisms?
The study of relationships and the evolutionary history of various groupings of species is known as phylogeny. The goal of phylogeny is to reconstruct the evolutionary course of all species on Earth. A phylogenetic tree also learned as a cladogram, is a schematic diagram used to show the alleged evolutionary relationships between taxa. Diagrams of phylogenetic trees are based on cladistics, or phylogenetic systematics, hypotheses.
Organization of life, according to taxonomy, divides creatures into three domains:
BacteriaEukaryaArchaeaThe Eukarya domain are the most easy because they are large enough for their morphological features to be easily seen.
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The features and impressions of freestanding sculpture change according to the __________.
The features and impressions of freestanding sculpture change according to the position of the viewer.
What is Sculpture?This aspect of visual arts operates in three dimensions which include the following:
HeightWidthDepthThe features which include how a sculpture is viewed is dependent on the position of the viewer as every human is unique thereby making it the most appropriate choice.
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Which describes how to correct farsightedness?
Use a convex lens to move the image formed by the eye forward so it hits the retina.
Use a concave lens to move the image formed by the eye forward so it hits the retina.
Use a convex lens to move the image formed by the eye backward so it hits the retina.
Use a concave lens to move the image formed by the eye backward so it hits the retina
Answer : a is the the answer
Answer:
a
Explanation:
i took the test
What is the purpose of latitude and longitude
Answer:
B) They allow a region's location to be determined exactly.
Explanation:
Both lines were invented by people to identify and locate specific places on earth. Latitude is used to identify particular north-south locations, and longitude is used to identify a particular east-west. The combination of latitude and longitude allows you to define and label any location on Earth accurately.
In healthy individuals all of the following parts of the urinary tract are sterile except: a. lower folds of the urinary bladder b. nephrons c. the ureter of the kidney d. the portion of the urethra closest to the urethral opening
Correct answer-
a. lower folds of the urinary bladder- This is the correct answer because the bladder is the only part of the urinary tract which is home to microflora or microorganisms, even if the individual is healthy. This region is not sterile.
Incorrect answers-
b. nephrons- This is incorrect because the nephrons are involved in the process of urine filtration from blood. This region needs to be sterile so that filtration can be carried out without contamination.
c. the ureter of the kidney- This is incorrect because the ureter is sterile because of the chemical composition of the urine that travels through it to the bladder.
d. the portion of the urethra closest to the urethral opening- This is also incorrect because if the urethra or urethral opening is not sterile this leads to urinary tract infection or UTI.
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An amoeba is much less complex than a fruit fly; however the amoeba has a much larger genome (c-value). What is the best overall explanation for this paradox?
The amoeba has a much larger genome (C-value) because A large percentage of eukaryotic genomes is non-coding DNA, the amoeba has much more non-coding DNA than the fruit fly.
The amount of DNA in an organism's haploid genome is measured by the C-value. It varies greatly, often rising in C-value as organism complexity increases—from prokaryotes to invertebrates, vertebrates, and plants.The so-called C-Value Paradox refers to the finding that genome size does not always rise in proportion to an organism's apparent level of complexity.In comparison to prokaryotes (organisms without a nucleus), such as bacteria, eukaryotes, or species having a nucleus to hold their genetic material (DNA), do have larger genomes. Only 4 million base pairs make up the best friend of microbiologists, E. coli. On the other hand, the fly, Drosophila Melanogaster, has 140 million base pairs. Clearly, a fly is more complicated than a bacterium.learn more about C-value here: https://brainly.com/question/13188599
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16,17The use of these established cell lines have been increasinly replaced with primary cell cultures given that the latter better represent the in vivo cancer cell behaviours.
A Final statement or concluding statement
Tumor cells have experienced a variety of genetic and epigenetic changes as compared to normal cells. Because these alterations frequently underpin cancer genesis, progression, and therapy resistance, the efficacy of model systems is dependent on their capacity to replicate the genetic abnormalities seen in original tumors.
Tumor-derived cell lines have long been utilized to explore the underlying biologic processes in cancer, as well as as screening platforms for identifying and assessing anticancer treatment effectiveness.
Following advancements in high-throughput technology and multigroup collaborative efforts, several -omic measurements across over a thousand cancer cell lines have been produced. These findings supplement large-scale worldwide cancer genomic sequencing initiatives to define patient malignancies, such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) (ICGC).
Individual data analysis or data integration methodologies will provide an increasing number of hypotheses to examine. Cancer cell lines will continue to be useful in this context and will play an important part in cancer biology research in the future.
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What is the primary molecule that makes up cell membranes?
Answer:
Phospolipids are the primaey molecules that makes up cell membranes.
What is a biochemical
Answer:
Biochemistry is the branch of science that explores the chemical processes within and related to living organisms.
Answer:
Glucose is an example of a biochemical compound. The prefix bio- comes from the Greek word that means “life.” A biochemical compound is any carbon-based compound that is found in living things. Biochemical compounds make up the cells and tissues of living things.Which statement BEST describes how greenhouse gasses act as natural insulators in the Earth's system?
Hi there, your answer is below.
The gases absorb and emit a part of the heat reflected by the Earth's surface.
Solar radiation will pass through the atmosphere first in the greenhouse effect. Some of them will get through and touch the surface of the planet. Long-wave thermal radiation, which is what the greenhouse gases will absorb, will be produced when some of the energy that strikes the Earth's surface is transformed. They are returned to the Earth via greenhouse gases.
What are greenhouse gases, and why do they affect our environment?The surface of the Earth would be much colder and have a "snowball Earth" if it weren't for the impact of greenhouse gases, primarily water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane.
Because the greenhouse gases are generally transparent to the sun's incoming radiation, which is mostly in the visible light region of the spectrum, the greenhouse effect is able to take place. In contrast, the majority of the radiation that the Earth emits is in the infrared region of the spectrum, which is absorbed by greenhouse gases. Some of the radiation from these gases is redirected to the earth when it is later released. This traps it, warming the planet's surface in the process. The average temperature of the Earth would be -14 degrees Celsius without greenhouse gases.
Greenhouse gases have acted to even out temperature changes over Earth's history. Huge woods have thrived when the Earth experienced warmer times, as the Carboniferous epoch. These have taken in carbon dioxide from the air, storing the resultant carbon in the form of coal deposits underground. After a certain amount of carbon has been stored, the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide falls to very low levels, and the warming effect is eliminated. The trees perish as the globe cools. Currently, plants are no longer removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, while volcanoes are still adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The increase in carbon dioxide causes a rise in global warming. We are now recuperating from the last glacier, which ended roughly 10,000 years ago, during a mild time. In the past 120,000 years, the previous warm era peaked.
The ability of carbon dioxide to boost plant development is another crucial effect. Without the impact of the increased carbon dioxide concentration on crops, it is improbable that the Earth could support the 7 billion people that inhabit it now.
The amount of carbon stored in the atmosphere is rather tiny. There are currently 800 billion tons of carbon in it. But only approximately a quarter of this, or 210 billion tons, of the carbon gets recycled each year by plants and the seas. Consequently, the two-year half life of carbon in the atmosphere is rather short. Because there is such a tiny atmospheric carbon storage, people have a significant impact. Burning fossil fuels only adds roughly 9 billion tons annually. But throughout my lifetime, the concentration has increased by 30%, from around 300 parts per million in 1947 to 410 parts per million now, as a result of this modest increment each year. As a result, there has been a little but considerable increase in surface temperature as well as rising sea levels due to ice cap melting. Although the increase in sea levels over the past 70 years has only been around 9 inches, it is rising, and because so many people live near the coasts, we are susceptible.
Because the atmospheric carbon storage is so limited, it is possible to lower atmospheric carbon and prevent flooding in our coastal communities, for example by fertilizing the seas to improve their capacity to absorb carbon dioxide.
Thank you,
Eddie
What type of chromosomal abnormality can lead to multiple copies of a gene, some of which can incur mutations that can lead to the evolution of a new function?
A trisomy is a chromosomal condition characterized by an additional chromosome. A person with a trisomy has 47 chromosomes instead of 46.
Trisomy means the presence of an extra chromosome in some or all of the body's cells. This results in a total of three copies of that chromosome instead of the normal two copies. For example, Down syndrome (trisomy 21) is caused by having three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two copies.
This genetic condition is the result of a genetic mutation where your cells don't divide as they should. You can't prevent this abnormality from happening during cell division.
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Describe the hygiene hypothesis and the role that eosinophils play in it. Why does having a parasitic worm help us
In medicine, the hygiene hypothesis states that early childhood exposure to particular microorganisms (such as the gut flora and helminth parasites) protects against allergic diseases by contributing to the development of the immune system.
What is the role of eosinophils in hygiene hypothesis ?Eosinophils are multifunctional granulocytes that contribute to initiation and modulation of inflammation.
Eosinophils are extremely versatile effector cells that damage tissues or modulate the activity of other immune and stromal cells.Why does having a parasitic worm help us ?This is because parasitic worms have evolved strategies to block parts of the human immune system.
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Therefore, when the alleles of a particular gene are passed on to their descendants via gametes, a haploid sperm fertilizes a haploid egg producing a ____________ .
Therefore, when the alleles of a particular gene are passed on to their descendants via gametes, a haploid sperm fertilizes a haploid egg producing a diploid zygote.
The process in which haploid gametes fuse to form diploid offspring:A diploid cell produces haploid cells during meiosis, and two haploid cells (gametes) combine during fertilization to create a diploid zygote.
Meiosis is a type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes, which results in the production of gametes, such as sperm or egg cells. Meiosis comprises two rounds of division, producing four cells with only one copy of each chromosome as a final product (haploid). Additionally, each chromosome undergoes genetic material cross-pollination between the paternal and maternal copies before division, resulting in novel combinations of the genetic code on each chromosome. The haploid cells created by meiosis between a man and a female will later unite during fertilization to create a cell with two copies of each chromosome once more, the zygote.
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Cone pigment gene expression in individual photoreceptors and the chromatic topography of the retina.
In every cone cell, there was only one photopigment gene that is expressed. A specialized light sensor known as a cone is found in and around the Fovea structure in the retina of the eye.
Discussion about the statement -
L, M, and S cones are the three types of cones that make up human trichromatic vision (long-, middle-, and short-wavelength sensitive, respectively).In addition to an S pigment gene located on chromosome 7, individuals might have multiple M, multiple L, or multiple S pigment genes on the X chromosome. The polymorphic variations of the X-linked pigment gene array in certain individuals can encode numerous, spectrally different cone photopigment subtypes. The outcomes also demonstrate that the expression of the various pigment genes within a single array frequently varies greatly, leading to an uneven distribution of L and M cones. Individual guys, however, may have more cone types in their retinas than the three spectrally different cone types that are often characterized.Learn more about cone here:
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What is the correct order for the events that occur during a reflex? a: impulse travels through sensory neuron to the cns b: a stimulus activates a receptor
The correct reflex order is a stimulus activates a receptor and than impulse travels through sensory neuron to the CNS.
The reflex arc is composed of sensor, sensory neuron, control middle, motor neuron, and muscle. these elements paintings as a relay group to take facts up from the sensor to the spinal twine or mind and go into reverse to the muscle tissues
A reflex movement frequently entails a totally simple fearful pathway referred to as a reflex arc. A reflex arc starts with receptors being excited. They then send indicators alongside a sensory neuron to your spinal cord, where the signals are exceeded directly to a motor neuron.
A reflex action is a way for the body to automatically and hastily reply to a stimulus to any further damage to the frame. It follows this widespread series and does no longer involve the brain: stimulus → receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector → response.
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The correct order of reflex is b) and then a) i.e. impulse travels through sensory neuron to the CNS and a stimulus activates a receptor.
In a reflex, a stimulus activates a receptor and the information travels through a sensory neuron to the Central Nervous System (CNS).
A receptor is a cell that responds to a stimulus like light, heat or pain.
An impulse is the signal that travels through the neurons from affector to effector.
The information is carried out through a sensory neuron which connects the receptor and the CNS.
CNS comprehends the information and send the signals to the effector through the Motor Neuron.
Motor neuron is a neuron that carries information from CNS to the Effector cells, i.e. which responds to the stimulus.
The motor neuron transmits information to the effector cells and hence the reflex arc is completed after the response.
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Some allergens act directly as ______, and the immune system recognizes them as foreign, stimulating the production of specific antibodies.
Some allergens act directly as antigens, and the immune system recognizes them as foreign, stimulating the production of specific antibodies.
What is immune system?The body's defense against infection is provided by the immune system, a complex network of organs, cells, and proteins that also safeguards the body's own cells. Every germ (microbe) that the immune system has ever eliminated is recorded, allowing it to promptly identify and eliminate the microbe if it re-enters the body.Flu, mono (mononucleosis), and measles illnesses can temporarily impair immune function. Additionally, unhealthy eating habits, alcoholism, and smoking might impair your immune system.Since the many types of immune system cells are produced in the bone marrow, if the immune system were a police force, it would be the police academy. In the bone marrow, stem cells, a common type of beginning cell, are used to develop all immune system cells.
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