The limits on the data that can be sought in a criminal investigation are primarily governed by legal protections and constitutional rights that safeguard individuals' privacy and prevent unreasonable searches and seizures.
The key principles and safeguards that establish these limits include:
Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution: The Fourth Amendment protects individuals against unreasonable searches and seizures by requiring law enforcement to obtain a warrant based on probable cause. This means that authorities must have a reasonable belief that a crime has been committed and that the evidence sought is likely to be found in the place to be searched or the data to be accessed.
Search Warrants: To access certain types of data, such as emails, text messages, or other electronic records, law enforcement generally needs to obtain a search warrant. A search warrant is a legal order issued by a judge that authorizes the search and seizure of specific evidence.
Probable Cause: Law enforcement must demonstrate to a judge that there is probable cause, or a reasonable basis, to believe that a crime has been committed and that the data sought is related to that crime. This requirement acts as a limitation on the scope of data that can be obtained.
Exclusionary Rule: The exclusionary rule prevents the use of evidence obtained through unconstitutional searches or seizures in a criminal trial. If law enforcement violates an individual's Fourth Amendment rights during the investigation, any evidence obtained as a result of that violation may be deemed inadmissible in court.
Privacy Laws: Additional laws, such as the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) in the United States, establish specific privacy protections for electronic communications and data. These laws may require law enforcement to meet certain criteria or obtain additional legal processes, such as subpoenas or court orders, to access certain types of data.
It's important to note that the limits on data that can be sought in a criminal investigation can vary depending on jurisdiction and the specific circumstances of the case. Legal and technological developments continually shape the boundaries of these limits, and courts often weigh the need for law enforcement to investigate and prevent crimes against individuals' privacy rights.
In summary, the limits on data that can be sought in a criminal investigation are established by legal protections, constitutional rights, and principles such as the Fourth Amendment, search warrants, probable cause, the exclusionary rule, and privacy laws. These safeguards balance the interests of law enforcement with individuals' privacy rights to ensure that investigations are conducted within the bounds of the law and protect against unreasonable searches and seizures.
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must haves vs nice-to-haves
Some of the “must-haves” in a job and life as compared to the “nice-to-haves” are as follows:
“Must-haves”Job satisfactionNice team environmentCommunication between colleaguesGood Working environment. “Nice-to-haves”High salaryBenefitsA short commute from homeTo work for a company that has green initiatives.What differentiate “must-haves” from “nice-to-have”?“Must-haves” are essential or motivating criteria that boost work performance and increase the standard of living. These criteria tend to be present before a job is accepted.
“Nice-to-haves” are unessential criteria as they do not motivate performance, but are regarded as additions.
Question Completion:
Consider your “must-haves” in a job and life as compared to the “nice-to-haves.”
Thus, “must-haves” in a job and life as compared to the “nice-to-haves” motivate increased performance in the job.
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1] What is the jurisdiction of the case? (Answer no more than 3 words)
A: court to declare the assessment of Corporation Business Tax
[2] Is this a class action law suit? Answer Yes or No. If yes, briefly describe the class in one short sentence (25 words or less):
A: yes,
[3] Which party prevails (wins) in the case? __________________________ (single term or cite the name of the party)
[4] Is a fine or restitution or a monetary award of damages involved in this case? If so, indicate the sums involved. (HIGHLIGHT or CIRCLE THE CORRECT UNDERLINED TERM ABOVE) Sum awarded: ____________ (If not applicable identify outcome sought e.g. equitable relief or declaratory judgment: ________________________________ (4 words or less)
[5] Is this a final adjudication of a substantive law claim? Answer YES or NO. If YES, indicate substantive law claim decision. If NO indicate that the matter has been REMANDED to a lower court or that it is a final adjudication of a procedural law claim. If a final adjudication of a procedural law claim, indicate the nature of the procedural dispute in one brief sentence. _____________________________________________________________________________ (25 words or less)
1. The jurisdiction of the case is New Jersey.
2. It is not a class-action lawsuit. A class-action lawsuit involves a large group and not a partnership. For instance, if all the Auto Dealers in New Jersey are involved in the case, it becomes a class-action lawsuit.
3. The plaintiff, NATIONAL AUTO DEALERS EXCHANGE, L.P, prevails in the case.
4. There was no monetary award in the case. It was a summary judgment, which does not require a full trial.
5. This case was a final adjudication of a substantive law claim. The court affirmed that the tax division of New Jersey lacked the jurisdiction to impose or assess NADE for corporate tax since it was not a company for corporate tax purposes but a pass-through entity.
What is a pass-through entity?Some of the pass-through entities include sole proprietorship, partnerships, LLCs, and S-corporations.
A pass-through entity is not assessed for corporate tax because the profits are distributed to the individual owners who are assessed for personal taxes.
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DRIVERS EDUCATION
Write a paragraph describing the differences in how a driver should approach a railroad crossing as opposed to a regular intersection.
Explanation:
Never ignore flashing lights, whistles, closing gates or stop signs. Slow down, look in both directions, and test your brakes. Be certain you don't see a train. Roll down windows; turn off fans and radios; listen for warning whistles.
Level grade engineering, inc. , sometimes uses explosives to prepare land for construction projects. Strict liability is imposed on this activity because.
Answer: It is complicated and Permanent
Explanation:
often when this type of engineering is competed it is very hard to redo it
Strict liability is imposed on this activity because the activity is of a dangerous nature. The right response is Option C.
Using Explosives is extremely risky, In order to keep everyone who is involved to be protected, certain safety measures are taken.
Why using explosives is a dangerous activity?It causes following effects.
Impact / friction.Fire / heat.Fragment attack / overpressure.Electrostatic discharge.Electromagnetic radiation such as mobile phones, pagers (in the case of electro-explosive devices)Chemical reaction.Accidental fires and explosions may have catastrophic impacts on human lives, property damage, the environment, and business continuity. Because of the danger of fire and explosion, handling flammable liquids, dusts, gases, and solids should be done with caution.
Therefore, Strict liability is imposed on the activity.
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Correct Question - Level Grade Engineering, Inc., sometimes uses explosives to prepare land for construction projects. Strict liability is imposed on this activity because
a. Level Grade is a corporation.
b. the activity is inherently negligent.
c. the activity is extremely risky.
d. the amount of liability can be added to the costs of construction.
g 17.Authority of the court to hear a case: a.Judicial authority b.Jurisdiction c.Legal Authority
The correct option is (b). Jurisdiction is the Authority of the court to hear a case.
What Is Jurisdiction?The legal word for the power given to a legal institution to administer justice is jurisdiction. Areas of jurisdiction are applicable at the municipal, state, and federal levels in federations like the United States.
court jurisdiction. 1. Inauguration The term "jurisdiction" refers to the power granted by the law to a court, tribunal, or judge to resolve any difference between the parties, provide a decision, or impose an order.
The ability to exercise authority over people and things inside of a region is known as jurisdiction. It grants a court the authority to hear a case or lawsuit and make a decision legally. The term "jurisdiction" can also refer to a region of land where political power is acknowledged.
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At common law, if someone solicits, encourages, or commands another to offend, then they are a(n) ________.
Answer:
Accessory someone who gives assistance to the perpetrator of a crime, without directly committing it, sometimes without being present
The equal justice alliance established civil monetory penalties for the failure to report a suspicion of crime appropriately. True or false
The equal justice alliance established civil monetary penalties for the failure to report a suspicion of crime appropriately. True. This is further explained below.
What is an equal justice alliance?Generally, The Alliance for Equal Justice is a network of organizations that provides and supports civil legal assistance to low-income persons and communities as well as individuals and communities that are vulnerable and disenfranchised.
In conclusion, The Equal Justice Alliance was responsible for the establishment of civil monetary sanctions for failing to disclose a suspect of criminal activity in the right manner. True.
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Promotions that encourage the intemperate consumption of alcohol should be _____ by management.
An form of promotions that encourage the intemperate consumption of alcohol should be stopped by management.
What is an intemperate consumption of alcohol?This refers to the consumption of alcohol in an excessive way that can cause great damage to the person engaged in such reckless and harmful habit.
Despite that promotions are designed to increase brand awareness, create interest, generate sales or create brand loyalty, any form of promotions that encourage the intemperate consumption of alcohol should be stopped by management.
Therefore, the word "stopped" is the correct word.
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Frequent calls for service to local law enforcement by an on-premises licensee may result in.
There can be a grounds to suspend or revoke the license if there are Frequent calls for law enforcement assistance at an ABC-licensed premises.
What is a licensed premises?In the United states, this refers to the establishment in which alcoholic beverages and tobacco are permitted to be retailed and consumed.
Because, in California, businesses are legal authorized to sell alcoholic beverages, they must be in possession of a liquor license and these licenses issued by the State Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control.
However, there can be a grounds to suspend or revoke the license if there are Frequent calls for law enforcement assistance at an ABC-licensed premises.
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Different between citizen and alien
Explanation:
A citizen is a permanent resident of a state, while an alien is a temporary resident, who comes for a specific duration of time as a tourist or on diplomatic assignment
The defendant can file a(n) _______ if it is believed that the plaintiff caused her damages arising out of the very same set of facts.
Answer: Cross-claim
Explanation:
Petition GRANTED. Judgment VACATED and case REMANDED for further consideration in light of New York State Rifle
Petition GRANTED. Judgment VACATED and case REMANDED for further consideration in light of New York State Rifle & Pistol Assn., Inc. v. Bruen, 597 U. S. on June 30, (2022).
What does it mean when the Supreme court vacates and remands a case?The Supreme Court of the United States may grant a petition for certiorari, reverse a lower court's ruling, and remand the matter for additional proceedings in a grant, vacate, and remand order (GVR order) (hence the acronym by which they are known). Petition GRANTED. Judgment VACATED and case REMANDED for further consideration in light of New York State Rifle & Pistol Assn., Inc. v. Bruen, 597 U. S. on June 30, (2022).
The Supreme Court simply sends the case back to the lower court to be reconsidered in light of the new law or the new precedent, which is usually appropriate when there has been a change in the legal circumstances since the lower court's or agency's decision, such as a change in the law, a precedential ruling, or a confession of error. Because GVR orders are intended to be quick and simple, they do not fully explain the law and do not set any precedents. Long opinions are typically not used to explain GVR orders.The Supreme Court of the United States may grant a petition for certiorari, reverse a lower court's ruling, and remand a matter for additional proceedings in a grant, vacate, and remand order (GVR order).Learn more about grant, vacate, and remand here:
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What case ruled that an agency may be liable for the conduct of an officer when the agency fails to adequately guard against constitutional injuries through training and supervision?
Answer: Perrin v Gentner
Explanation:
James is a taxpayer that files married filing separately. he had a tax liability of $6,700 in the previous tax year. his agi is $85,000 and he knows his tax liability will be more this year and expects to have a balance due. what is the minimum amount of tax james needs to pay to avoid an underpayment penalty in 2020?
For James to avoid an underpayment penalty in 2020, he needs to pay $23,912.50.
What is an underpayment penalty?An underpayment penalty is the IRS fine levied on taxpayers who do not pay enough of their estimated tax liability.
According to the IRS rules, to avoid an underpayment penalty, James must pay either 100% of last year's tax or 90% for 2020.
Data and Calculations:Tax liability from 2019 = $6,700
AGI for the current tax year = $85,000
Taxable income = $76,500 (assumed to be 90% of AGI)
Tax rate = 25%
Tax liability for 2020 = $19,125 ($76,500 x 25%)
Minimum tax to pay to avoid underpayment penalty = $23, 912.50 ($6,700 + $19,125 x 90%)
Thus, for James to avoid an underpayment penalty in 2020, he needs to pay $23,912.50.
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Do you think Geo-Fencing is an invasion of privacy? Why?
Answer: Law enforcement officers have been using geofencing to find the location data of mobile devices in the area of a committed crime. While this gives them the ability to find a possible suspect, consumers feel it is a violation of privacy for the innocent parties.
This law makes it illegal to submit a falsified bill to a government agency and applies to healthcare because medicare is a government agency.
This Federal False Claims Act law makes it illegal to submit a falsified bill to a government agency and applies to healthcare because medicare is a government agency.
The Federal False Claims Prevention Act is the US government's primary anti-fraud measure. This allows whistleblowers to sue individuals or organizations that deceive the government and seek damages and penalties on the government's behalf.
Payment for services not provided or products not provided. Misrepresenting services offered or products offered (improper coding); misrepresenting the nature of a patient's condition (IPPS and OPPS fraud); In short, the False Claims Act makes those who know (or should know) a false claim filed with the federal government liable. An example might be submitting a bill to Medicare for a medical service that you know your doctor doesn't provide.
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You are a parole officer who has a single mother with three hyperactive, attention deficit-disorder young children on your caseload. She receives no support from her ex-husband. Her mother wants nothing to do with her or the children because she believes “God is punishing” the young mother. She works as a topless dancer but hates it. She continues dancing because it pays the bills so well. You know she regularly smokes marijuana in an attempt to deal with stress. Obviously, this is a violation of probation. However, if you file a violation report on her, she will go back to prison. You know she is doing the best she can with her kids, is very involved with their school, and they are strongly bonded to her. You worry about what will happen to the kids.
1.What would you do?
Things to consider as you prepare
Ethical judgment: Defer filing a violation report while you work with her to find a better means to support herself and kids. Moral Rules: One should treat each person as an end and not as a means.
One should act in such a way that you will it to be a universal law.
One should do what is best for everyone.
One should do one’s duty.
Ethical system: A strict duty-based system might support filing a violation report, however, it depends on the definition of duty. It could be argued that a probation officer’s duty is not to automatically file violation reports, but rather to “protect society.” In this expanded view of duty, resolving the situation without filing a violation report might be
1. As the parole officer for a single mother with three hyperactive, attention-deficit disorder young children, I think that C. One should do what is best for everyone.
2. In the expanded view of duty, especially with respect to protecting society, resolving the situation of this woman without filing a violation report might be more ethical.
What is an ethical duty?An ethical duty is the responsibility to recognize, interpret, and act upon multiple principles and values based on given standards.
However, being ethical does not imply that ethical guidelines must be followed blindly. Some circumstances demand different approaches to achieve what is best for everyone involved.
Thus, ethical responsibility demands that the parole officer deals with each case with courage, fairness, and integrity.
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When is a Medicare Supplement Insurance consumer subject to underwriting and screened for eligibility?
Answer:If you apply for Medigap coverage after your open enrollment period has passed, you may have to go through medical underwriting. The insurer may review your medical history and refuse to sell you a policy, or sell you one at a higher cost, if you do not meet its underwriting requirements.
Explanation:
A state legislature received complaints from traffic accident victims who, in the days immediately following their accidents, had received unwelcome and occasionally misleading telephone calls on behalf of medical care providers. The callers warned of the risks of not obtaining prompt medical evaluation to detect injuries resulting from accidents and offered free examinations to determine whether the victims had suffered any compensable injuries. In response to these complaints, the legislature enacted a law prohibiting medical care providers from soliciting any accident victim by telephone within 30 days of his or her accident. Which of the following arguments would be most helpful to the state in defending the constitutionality of the law?
a. Because the law regulates only commercial speech, the state need only demonstrate that the restriction is rationally related to achieving the state's legitimate interests in protecting the privacy of accident victims and in regulating the medical profession.
b. The law is a reasonable time, place, and manner regulation.
c. The state has substantial interests in protecting the privacy of accident victims and in regulating the practice of medical care providers, and the law is narrowly tailored to achieve the state's objectives.
d. Because the commercial speech that is the subject of this law includes some speech that is misleading, the First Amendment does not limit the power of the state to regulate that speech.
The correct option is option (c), i.e., The state has substantial interests in protecting the privacy of accident victims and in regulating the practice of medical care providers, and the law is narrowly tailored to achieve the state's objectives.
Why is confidentiality important to victims?
When the anonymity of their information is guaranteed, victims of violence are more likely to seek out help and reveal the true nature of the abuse or attack they have endured. This enables efficient, individualized advocacy planning and responses.
Why is it important for the government to make laws protecting the victims as well as the witnesses of a crime?
For successful criminal trials to take place and for organized criminal groups to be destroyed, victims' and witnesses' cooperation is essential. However, getting such cooperation is one of the difficulties that many criminal justice systems encounter in the investigation and prosecution of crime.
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Which of the following laws requires judges to recuse themselves from a case if they have received campaign contributions from one of the parties involved in the case
Answer:
Judicial Campaign Fairness Act
Explanation:
Judicial Campaign Fairness Act requires judges to recuse themselves from a case if they have received campaign contributions from one of the parties involved in the case. Thus, option C is correct.
The JCFA limits the period of time that judicial candidates may accept political donations and imposes voluntary expenditure constraints, contribution quotas, and time limits for judicial contests.
The Texas Judicial Campaign Fairness Act places a limit on how much money a judicial candidate may raise from a single source. A contingent fee is what a client pays the attorney only if the lawsuit is won. Condemning a court's ruling fairly is not considered contempt. If a person publishes a fair evaluation of a case's merits after it has been heard and decided, they are not in contempt of court.
Therefore, option C is the ideal selection.
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Your question seems to be incomplete, but most probably the complete question was:
Which of the following laws requires judges to recuse themselves from a case if they have received campaign contributions from one of the parties involved in the case?
a. Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
b. Federal Election Campaign Act
c. Judicial Campaign Fairness Act
d. McCain-Feingold Act
Generally, the courts have the power to declare certain types of contracts _______ on the grounds that they are contrary to _______. (Choose two correct answers)
Generally, the courts have the power to declare certain types of contracts void on the grounds that they are contrary to public policy.
Courts commonly follow the law that the parties expressly or impliedly intend to govern the agreement, provided that it bears a reasonable relation to the transaction and the parties acted in correct religion.
The primary factors required for the agreement to be a legally enforceable contract are mutual assent, expressed by a valid offer and popularity; ok attention; capability; and legality. In some states, an element of consideration may be glad by using a valid replacement.
A contract is a venture or agreement by using a person or company to do any creation paintings or activity under certain terms and conditions. these terms are used in conditions of settlement in production.
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How do you drive with CARE?
Drivers ED
Answer:
pay attention to road signs, pedestrians, cyclists, and kids follow the traffic laws and speed limits
Explanation:
What more, if anything, must the trial court find in order to sustain the defendant's Sixth Amendment claim
The trial court must find a witness in order to sustain the defendant's Sixth Amendment claim.
Sixth Amendment ClaimThe rights of criminal defendants are guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment, including the right to an impartial jury, the right to an impartial judge, the right to a public trial without undue delay, and the right to know your accusers and the details of the allegations and evidence against you. It has been put to the test most visibly in a number of cases concerning terrorism, but it appears much more frequently in matters requiring, for instance, jury selection or witness protection.The accused has the legal right to a quick and open trial by an impartial jury of the state and district where the offense was committed, such district shall have been determined in advance by law, in all criminal cases.
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what are the actor's of democratization
He describes democracy as a system of government with four key elements: i) A system for choosing and replacing the government through free and fair elections; ii) Active participation of the people, as citizens, in politics and civic life; iii) Protection of the human rights of all citizens; and iv) A rule of law
Which Criminal Justice practitioner has the most in fluence over death penalty cases
Answer: The answer is false.
A licensee or employee who interferes with a peace officer’s right to inspect an establishment may result in.
A licensee or employee who interferes with a peace officer’s right to inspect an establishment may result in arrest and license revocation.
Who is a peace officer?A peace officer is one who ensures the safety, security, and humane custody and control of offenders. Peace officers also maintain the peace and harmony of the community, thereby forestalling violence.
Unlike a police officer, peace officers prevent serious injuries or death of persons in some dangers. Peace officers also establish evidence at accident scenes.
Some of the powers of the peace officer are detention and arrest of offenders and search and seizure of properties.
Peace officers may not necessarily be members of the Police Service.
Thus, a licensee or employee who interferes with a peace officer’s right to inspect an establishment may result in arrest and license revocation.
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A medical assistant has been making errors in documenting in patients' charts and is given a verbal warning. She is placed on a corrective action plan, which includes mandatory training on the proper method of documenting. The medical assistant does not comply with the corrective action plan, and, as a result, the employer fires her. 1. Did the employer take the correct steps in terminating the medical assistant? 2. Does the medical assistant have the right to fight the termination of employment based on due process? 3. What could the employer or the employee have done differently in this case?
1. The employer took the correct steps in terminating the medical assistant as part of the disciplinary measures.
2. The medical assistant lacks the right to fight the termination of her employment because the due process (verbal warning, correction action plan, including mandatory training) was observed.
3. Based on the steps taken, one cannot require the employer to re-assign the medical assistant to other tasks because they also involve documentation.
Who is a medical assistant?A medical assistant works along with the physicians.
Some tasks performed by medical assistants include:
Removing stitchesDrawing bloodChanging dressingsBasic laboratory testsPreparing patients for x-raysDisposal of contaminated suppliesSterilization of medical instrumentsInstructing patients about medication or special diets.Thus, it appears that the medical assistant was not cut out for the job at this period.
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suppose x is a normally distributed random variable with mean 11 and standard deviation 2. find each of the following probabilities
The probabilities of each of the following are:
mu = 11, sigma = 2
We convert this to standard regular as
P( X < x) = P( Z < x - mu / sigma)
a)P( X >= 14) = P( Z >= 14 - 11 / 2)
= P( Z >= 1.5)
= 1 - P( Z < 1.5)
= 1 - 0.9332
=0.0668
b)P( X <= 85) = P (Z <= 8.5 - 11 / 2)
= P( Z <= -1.25)
= 1 - P( Z < 1.25)
= 1 - 0.8944
= 0.1056
c)P( 11.6 <= X <= 15.54) = P( X <= 15.54) - P( X <= 11.6)
= P( Z <= 15.54 - 11 / 2) - P( Z <= 11.6 - 11 / 2)
= P( Z <= 2.27) - P( Z <= 0.3)
= 0.9884 - 0.6179
= 0.3705
d)P( 6.4 <= X <= 14.4) = P( X <= 14.4) - P( X <= 6.4)
= P( Z <= 14.4 - 11 / 2) - P( Z <= 6.4 - 11 / 2)
= P( Z <= 1.7) - P( Z <= -2.3)
= 0.9554 - ( 1 - 0.9893)
= 0.9447
The opportunity of an event can be calculated with the aid of probability components by truly dividing the favorable number of consequences by using the entire wide variety of viable outcomes.
The probabilities are the branch of mathematics regarding numerical descriptions of how probably an event is to arise, or how possibly it's miles that a proposition is real. The chance of an event is a range of between 0 and 1, in which, roughly speaking, 0 indicates the impossibility of the occasion and 1 indicates certainty.
Three Types of Probability
Classical: (equally probable outcomes) Let S=sample space (set of all possible distinct outcomes). ...Relative Frequency Definition. ...Subjective Probability.Learn more about the probabilities here: https://brainly.com/question/24756209
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3.) How do they help to shape
political knowledge and values?
Political Science
Political Science helps to shape political knowledge and values by preparing students for effective citizenship and political participation.
What is political science?Political Science is the scientific study of politics and power dynamics.
Studying political science creates an understanding of the following concepts:
Political ideasIdeologiesPolitical institutionsGovernment policiesPolitical processesPolitical behavior.Other ideas learned through political science include political groupings, classes, government, diplomacy, law, strategy, and war.
Thus, Political Science helps to shape political knowledge and values by preparing students for effective citizenship and political participation.
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quuzlet In Arizona v. Fulminante, the Court ruled that the harmless error doctrine applies to cases involving admissibility of:
the Court ruled that the harmless error doctrine applies to cases involving admissibility of involuntary confessions.
What are involuntary confessions?An involuntary confession that results from overwhelming police behavior rather than the defendant's free will is referred to as a pressured confession. Because the confession was not the result of the accused's free will, it is involuntary.
What are first signs of involuntary celibacy?Being obese Being thought of being physically unappealing Never having been in a romantic relationshipDoes the harmless error doctrine apply to involuntary confessions?The Court decided in Fulminante that situations regarding the admissibility of involuntary confessions fall under the harmless error theory.
Is Fulminante's confession to Sarivola admissible in court?It is crucial to assess the admissibility of Fulminante's confession to Sarivola in light of the finding by five Justices that the harmless error analysis extends to coerced confessions. For example, see Pennsylvania v. Union Gas Co., 491 U. S. 1, 45 (1989) (WHITE, J., concurring in judgment in part and dissenting in part).
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