Point mutation occurs when a single nucleotide is deleted. Inversion is a type of chromosomal mutation in which a chromosomal region is reversed end to end. Correct option (a).
A mutation is a change in the nucleic acid sequence of an organism's, virus's, or extrachromosomal DNA's genome.
Viral genomes can be made up of either DNA or RNA. Mutations occur as a result of errors in DNA or viral replication, mitosis, or meiosis, or other types of DNA damage (such as pyrimidine dimers caused by ultraviolet radiation exposure), which may then undergo error-prone repair (especially microhomology-mediated end joining), cause an error during other forms of repair or cause an error during replication (translesion synthesis).
Mutations can also occur as a result of the insertion or deletion of DNA segments caused by mobile genetic elements.
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In the study of Gigord and colleagues using Elderflower orchids, the allele frequencies of yellow and purple flowers varied such that when the yellow allele started to become rare, the reproductive success of purple flowers decreased and the reproductive success of yellow-flowered individuals increased in a process known as _
In the study of Gigord and colleagues using Elderflower orchids, the allele frequencies of yellow and purple flowers varied such that when the yellow allele started to become rare, the reproductive success of purple flowers decreased and the reproductive success of yellow-flowered individuals increased in a process known as frequency-dependent selection.
Frequency-dependent selection is an evolutionary process in which the fitness of a phenotype or genotype is dependent on the frequency of that phenotype or genotype in a particular population.
Positive frequency-dependent selection raises the fitness of a phenotype or genotype as it becomes more prevalent.In the case of negative frequency-dependent selection, the fitness of an increasingly prevalent phenotype or genotype diminishes.In a broader sense, frequency-dependent selection involves biological interactions that make the fitness of an individual dependent on the frequencies of other genotypes or phenotypes within the population.
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Which explanation is most likely for a particular human population with a higher incidence of polydactyly (extra fingers/toes) than the human population as a whole
Founder effect is most likely for a particular human population with a higher incidence of polydactyly (extra fingers/toes) than the human population as a whole.
In population genetics, the basic effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is founded by a very small number of individuals from a larger population. As a result of the loss of genetic variation, the new population may differ significantly, both genotypically and phenotypically, from the parent population from which it originates. In extreme cases, the founder effect is thought to lead to speciation and the subsequent evolution of new species The founder effect is a form of genetic drift. This is a phenomenon in which a new population is derived from a small isolated group of individuals. The new population is genetically different from the parent populations. The founder effect can arise from cultural isolation. For example, the Amish population in the United States exhibits a founder effect because it grew from very few founders, they do not have any newcomers, and tends to marry within the same community.
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______is the comparison of relative concentrations of two solutions, separated by a selectively permeable membrane.
a. always causes cells to burst.
b. does not affect cells.
c. always causes cells to shrink.
d. does not have anything to do with solute concentration.
Tonicity is the comparison of relative concentrations of two solutions, separated by a selectively permeable membrane.
Tonicity is the capacity of an extracellular solution to cause water to osmotically enter or exit a cell. Tonicity differs from osmolarity in that it considers both the relative solute concentrations and the permeability of the cell membrane to those solutes.When describing whether a solution would induce water to move into or out of a cell, three terms—hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic—are used:A cell will lose volume if it is immersed in a hypertonic solution because there will be a net flow of water out of the cell.
A cell will increase volume if it is immersed in a hypotonic solution because there will be a net flow of water entering the cell.
If a cell is immersed in an isotonic solution, there won't be any net water inflow or outflow, and the volume of the cell will stay constant.
DISCLAIMER
The above given question is wrong, there are no options. The correct question is ______is the comparison of relative concentrations of two solutions, separated by a selectively permeable membrane.
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A four-year-old patient exhibits hemorrhagic colitis and is treated via intravenous rehydration. The pathogen is a gram-negative rod. It is isolated and differentiated from related organisms based on its ability to ferment lactose and its inability to ferment sorbitol. Which of the following is a likely diagnosis
The most likely diagnosis of Gastroenteritis based on the presence of organisms which can ferment lactose and its inability to ferment sorbitol is called enterohemorrhagic E. coli.
What is Enterohemorrhagic E. coli?This is referred to a type of pathogen which is a strain of E.coli and causes severe intestinal infection thereby damaging it and leading to bloody diarrhea being observed. Individuals can be infected through food sources such as raw or uncooked meat etc.
This organism mentioned above also has the ability to ferment lactose but not sorbitol and is usually treated using rehydration therapy and requires blood transfusion in sever cases.
This is therefore the reason why Enterohemorrhagic E. coli was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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The base composition of an RNA virus was analyzed and found to be 17% A, 33% U, 19% G, and 31% C. Do you think the viral genetic material is single-stranded RNA or double-stranded RNA
single stranded
What is RNA virus?Deoxyribose and ribose, respectively, are the names of the pentose sugars found in DNA and RNA. The presence of the hydroxyl group on the 2' carbon of ribose and its lack on the 2' carbon of deoxyribose distinguishes the sugars.While the sugar used to construct both DNA and RNA is named deoxyribose (left in the image), the sugar used to construct RNA is simply referred to as ribose.Ribose, a 5-carbon sugar, is present in RNA, whereas deoxyribose, a 5-carbon sugar, is present in DNA. Both kinds of sugar are crucial parts of nucleotides. Pentose sugars, which are a component of DNA, can be found in nucleic acid.
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If a drug slows down central nervous system activity while increasing the activity of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, then it is most likely to be a(n)
If a drug slows down central nervous system activity while increasing the activity of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, then it is most likely to be a Depressant.
How do neurotransmitters work and what are they?Chemical messengers are called neurotransmitters to facilitate communication between nerve cells. Serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, and acetylcholine are a few of them. Numerous processes are controlled by neurotransmitters, including mood, sleep-wake cycles, and appetite.
DEPRESSANTSThese medications, which are sometimes known as "downers," are available as liquid or colored pills and capsules. As they are intended to lessen the symptoms of mental illness, some medications in this class, including Zyprexa, Seroquel, and Haldol, are referred to as "major tranquilizers" or "antipsychotics." Xanax, Klonopin, Halcion, and Librium are examples of depressants that are frequently referred to as "benzos" (short for benzodiazepines).
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What is/are the function(s) of the cell cycle? dna replication development of positive mutations prevention of cancer growth, repair, and reproduction of cells
The function of the cell cycle is the growth, repair and reproduction of cells.
The process through which a cell goes through its phases of growth and division is referred to as the cell cycle. During the majority of its existence, a cell is said to be in a state known as interphase. It is during this phase that the cell develops, copies its chromosomes, and gets ready to divide. Following this, the cell exits interphase, starts the process of mitosis, and finishes its division. The new cells that are produced are referred to as daughter cells, and each of them will experience its own unique interphase before beginning a new cycle of the cell cycle. The cell cycle helps the cells to undergo growth and division. In case of any damage, the cell cycle contributes to the repair mechanism of the cells.
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Answer:
D. growth, repair, and reproduction of cells
Explanation:
edg 2022
If the intake valve is opened too early in the cycle of operation of a four-stroke cycle engine, it may result in:_______.
If the intake valve opens too early in the cycle, vacuum will be reduced and exhaust gasses will be forced into the intake manifold. When exhaust gasses are forced into the intake manifold, vacuum is adversely affected and the intake runners will soot up. This effect is called "reversion".
An internal-combustion engine goes through four strokes: intake, compression, combustion (power), and exhaust. As the piston moves during each stroke, it turns the crankshaft.
The work of is intake valve opens when the piston reaches the TDC; compressed air from high pressure tank rapidly flows into the cylinder. The pressure inside the cylinder rapidly increases to the intake pressure. Meanwhile, the mass and temperature inside the cylinder increase.
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Molecules that absorb light energy are called
Molecules that absorb light energy are called pigment.
What is pigment?A chemical that can be found in animal or plant tissue and gives off a distinctive color, such hemoglobin in red blood or chlorophyll in green plants. any chemical that adds color.Chlorophylls are plant pigments that give plants their characteristic green hue. They are also the molecules in charge of the photosynthesis process, which converts light energy into chemical energy. Chlorophylls aid in blood oxygenation and thus aid in the body's detoxification.Chemical compounds known as pigments display visible light wavelengths, giving them their colorful appearance. A certain form of pigment is present in plants, flowers, algae, some photosynthetic bacteria, and even the skin of animals. This pigment provides color and has the capacity to absorb some wavelengths.
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Effects likely to be encountered when each organism is destroyed in a food chain consists of grean leaf ,slug,shrew and fox
The effects can be encountered to other organisms when each organism is destroyed in a food chain that consists of green leaf, slug, shrew and fox.
What are the effects of destroying organism in the ecosystem?Yes, effects likely to be encountered when each organism is destroyed in a food chain consists of green leaf, slug, shrew and fox because every organism in the ecosystem depends on the other organism for their survival.
So we can conclude that the effects can be encountered to other organisms when each organism is destroyed in a food chain that consists of green leaf, slug, shrew and fox.
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An environment that has all the things that. Particular plant or animal need in order to live
An environment that has all the things that particular plant or animal need in order to live is referred to as habitat.
What is Habitat?This is an area where an organism lives and comprises of resources and factors which supports its survival.
Food, light etc are part of the resources in which a habitat has which ensures appropriate growth and reproduction of species.
The complete question is:
___ is an environment that has all the things that plant or animal need in order to live.
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Which factor contributes to the production of mucus associated with chronic bronchitis?
According to the research, the correct option is goblet cells, the overproduction by these cells is a factor that contributes to the production of mucus associated with chronic bronchitis.
What is chronic bronchitis?It is a long-term disease of the lungs characterized by incessant coughing producing purulent sputum due to inflammation of the bronchial tubes resulting in increased mucus production.
Goblet cells are unicellular glands that have a cytoplasm loaded with mucins (main component of mucus) these are located in the walls of the bronchi, in chronic bronchitis, the wall of the bronchi tends to thicken, and the number of goblet cells increases greatly causing the overproduction of mucus.
Therefore, we can conclude that the correct option is goblet cells, the overproduction by these cells is a factor that contributes to the production of mucus associated with chronic bronchitis.
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The ______________________ picks up whole and partial neurotransmitters from the synaptic gap and brings them into the terminal button, where other structures recycle these neurotransmitters for future use.
The vesicles pick up whole and partial neurotransmitters from the synaptic gap and bring them into the terminal button, where other structures recycle these neurotransmitters for future use.
Within the presynaptic terminals is where the synthesis of the small-molecule neurotransmitters takes place. A process known as slow axonal transport is responsible for moving enzymes from the neuronal cell body to the cytoplasm of nerve terminals at a rate of 0.5–5 millimetres each day. These enzymes are necessary for the production of transmitters and are produced in the neuronal cell body. Transporter proteins, which are typically located in the plasma membrane of the nerve terminal, are the ones responsible for bringing the precursor chemicals that these synthetic enzymes use into the terminal. Enzymes produce a neurotransmitter pool in the cytoplasm, which must then be loaded into synaptic vesicles using transport proteins in the vesicular membrane. Within the synaptic vesicles, the final synthetic steps of the production of certain small-molecule neurotransmitters are actually carried out.
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WWhat evidence was discovered by Vines and Matthews that supported Wegener's and Hess's theories?
A. A small gap along an undersea cliff that widened by 2 centimeters a year. The cliff was located on a suspected plate boundary.
B. Magnetic variations on either side of mid-ocean ridges that indicated the seafloor was spreading from that point.
C. Undersea volcanoes that produce new seafloor material from cooled magma.
D. All of thesehich changing system is responsible for the shapes and positions of the continents
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Vine and Matthews noticed there was a symmetrical pattern of magnetic stripes on either side of the mid ocean ridges. In addition when the basalts of the sea floor were dated, they were found to be the same age at similar distances away from the ridge on each side.
What is a sequence of dna nucleotides that holds the instructions to make a protein?
There are four naturally occurring nitrogenous bases, there are four different types of DNA nucleotides: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). This sequence is broken into a series of three-nucleotide units known as codons. Each DNA sequence that contains instructions to make a protein is known as a gene.
Sequencing DNA means determining the order of the four chemical building blocks - called "bases" - that make up the DNA molecule. The sequence tells scientists the kind of genetic information that is carried in a particular DNA segment.
DNA sequencing was built upon earlier knowledge of DNA polymerases and cell-free systems for replicating DNA. The chain-termination method, which makes clever use of a "defective" DNA nucleotide, now dominates DNA sequencing technology.
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What will happen to a specifies if an environment gradient changes so rapidly that it quickly goes beyond a specfies limit of tolerance before the species?
They termed the gradual change in species if environmental gradient is change as vegetational gradient also called ecocline. Environmental gradient also known as climate gradient is a change in abiotic factors( non-living) through the interval of time.
There are some factors which is related to the environmental gradient such as altitude, depth, soil , temperature, precipitation. It is important for analysis to help the geographic distribution of species and ecosystems. Species diversity distribution is not even across the globe , so the richness of species is clustered in equatorial regions and decreases as one move away from polar region.
Gradient analysis is enables us to use the varied abiotic or non-living aspects of our environment and its surrounding that can be explained by geographic distribution of species and ecosystem.
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Which of the following is not a con of solar power?
Select one:
a.
It contributes to global warming.
b.
It requires expensive technology.
c.
It is not available at night.
d.
It is not available when it is cloudy.
It contributes to global warming is not a con of solar power because this type of power does not produce pollution.
What is the disadvantage of solar power?One of the big disadvantages of solar power is that it requires high initial cost of installation because it is an expensive technology. Requires sunny weather to work best which means that it does not work at night. It has low energy conversion rate. Solar panels are fixed at to one location and we can not move it easily from one place to another.
So we can conclude that It contributes to global warming is not a con of solar power because this type of power does not produce pollution.
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Which term describes the practice of placing clients with the same infection in a semi private room?
The term that describes the practice of placing clients with the same infection in a semi private room is called Patient cohorting.
What is Patient cohorting?Patient cohorting is defined as the strategy used by health personnel such as nurses to limit the spread of infection from one patient to another and from patients to the health workers.
It is defined as the placement of patients exposed to or infected with the same laboratory-confirmed pathogen in the same inpatient room/geographic area.
It is also a strategy which can be used when patient requirements for private rooms exceed capacity.
The importance of this strategy is to limit the spread of the disease causing microorganisms.
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To give birth to her infant, a woman is asked to push with contractions. which pushing technique is the most effective and safest?
While giving birth to her infant during labor, the safest and the most effective pushing technique taught to a woman during contractions is grasping knees, head elevated and breathing out.
During labor, it is very important for the mother to keep breathing. If she holds her breath, it will put pressure on the vena cava and lead to a reduction in the blood return. The head is kept elevated and the back is rounded which aids the abdominal muscles to help the uterus to push the baby out. Grasping the knees also helps in pushing and encouraging the movement of the infant outside the body.
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An indirect method of estimating bacterial numbers is based on the turbidity of the sample. a ________ can be used to determine the turbidity by measuring absorbance.
A spectrophotometer can be used to determine the turbidity by measuring absorbance.
What is absorbance?The term absorbance has to do with the amount of light that can be taken in by a sample which can be used as a measure of concentration of of the bacterial numbers in a sample.
The absorbance can only be measured by the use of a spectrophotometer. Hence, a spectrophotometer can be used to determine the turbidity by measuring absorbance.
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Finds of beads and porcelain pottery from mesopotamia and china, along with copper, gold, and ivory objects, underscore the assumption that which city was a prosperous trade center?
Finds of beads and porcelain pottery from Mesopotamia and china, along with copper, gold, and ivory objects, underscore the assumption that which city was a prosperous trade center: Great Zimbabwe
They wove sturdy baskets from the weeds that grew along the riverbank. They made such lovely pottery from the moist soil that their pottery has become a form of wealth. People in villages started to exchange with other villages in the area. Pottery was traded for food, clothing, and jewelry.
The art of Mesopotamia tiers from the early use of ceramics which had been painted with abstract styles, to the advent of sculpture effigies for spiritual purposes, and styles used in Mesopotamian architecture to create their ornate temples and palaces gates.
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This functional group is a nitrogen with two hydrogens attached to it. It is found in proteins and functions as a base.
Amino group
The term "amino acid" refers to an amino acid with an amino group immediately linked to the -carbon. These contain the secondary amines proline and hydroxyproline. They were previously frequently referred to as amino acids, which is incorrect because they lack the imine grouping HN=C. The archaic phrase is still used often.
The building blocks of proteins are amino acids, which are the chemical compounds that come together to make proteins. These biomolecules are essential for human growth and development and are engaged in a number of biological and chemical processes in the body. In nature, there are around 300 amino acids.
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Which energy-yielding nutrient is the most satiating?
a. protein
b. carbohydrate
c. water
d. alcohol
e. fat
Answer: protein
Explanation:
Which method offers the most reliable way of assessing whether athletic performance is boosted by drinking soda with caffeine in it?
The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine changes in the development of the urine caffeine content within each sport. Due to the non-normal distribution of the urine caffeine levels, non-parametric statistics were later used. Crosstab and Chi-Square tests, along with adjusted normalised residuals, were used to examine the variations in sample distribution among ranges of urine caffeine content.
One amongst the most popular drugs used by athletes to improve their performance in competition is caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine).
Evidence suggests that a variety of administration methods, including capsules/tablets, caffeinated drinks (such as energy drinks and sports drinks), liquids (such as coffee), and chewing gum, can be used to receive caffeine performance-enhancing characteristics.
However, due to the widespread availability of these goods on the market, caffeinated beverages have taken over as the primary method of caffeine administration in sports.
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During meiosis I, _____________________. Group of answer choices homologous chromosome pairs are separated the chromosome number stays the same four daughter cells are formed sister chromatids are separated
Homologous chromosome pairs are separated
Meiosis 1 refers to the initial stage of meiosis where one parent cell divides into two daughter cells. This stage is where homologous pairs of chromosomes will segregate and separate from each other and move into the two daughter cells which result in the division of the total chromosomal number by half.
What happens during Meiosis 1 ?Meiosis I ends when the chromosomes of each homologous pair arrive at opposing poles of the cell.
The microtubules disintegrate, and a new nuclear membrane forms around each haploid set of chromosomes.The chromosomes uncoil, forming chromatin again, and cytokinesis occurs, forming two non-identical daughter cells.Learn more about Meiosis here:
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In cellular respiration, the most cellular energy is created during:____.
a. lactic acid fermentation.
b. the krebs cycle.
c. glycolysis.
d. the electron transport chain (and chemiosmosis).
d. the electron transport chain (and chemiosmosis) is the answer.
An electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor via a redox reaction and bind this electron transfer to the transfer of protons through the membrane.
The electron transport chain is a series of four protein complexes that combine redox reactions to produce an electrochemical gradient that leads to the formation of ATP in a complete system called oxidative phosphorylation. It occurs in mitochondria in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
The electron transport chain works by sending protons into the intermembrane space. This sets up a proton gradient that allows protons to be pumped through ATP synthase to produce ATP.
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Many biologists debate how a virus should be classified. in 2008, scientists in france discovered that a virus was
capable of infecting another virus. which theory might be supported by this information?
a virus is living
a virus is nonliving
a virus uses sexual reproduction
a virus makes its own proteins
This observation supports the theory that a virus is living.
What is a virus?A virus is basically a molecule which is non living when it is outside of living cells but becomes living when it enters into a living cell.
However, given the fact that a virus was capable of infecting another virus we could opine that a virus is living.
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Answer:answer is A
Explanation:
Protective membranous coverings that lie between bony coverings and the soft tissues of the cns are called?
Protective membranous coverings that lie between bony coverings and the soft tissues of the cns are called the meninges.
What are the brain meninges?The brain meninges are the three protective membranous thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord of the nervous system.
These meninges are:
The dura mater: They are the tough and inflexible outermost of the three layers of the meninges.Arachnoid mater: The middle layer of the meninges. A membrane that protects the brain and spinal cord below the dura mater and above the subarachnoid space and the pia mater.Pia mater: The innermost of the meninges, the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.So therefore, the protective membranous coverings that lie between bony coverings and the soft tissues of the cns are called the meninges
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A hypothesis is an educated guess based upon observation. It is an explanation of a single event based upon what is observed. A hypothesis has not been proved but can be supported by experimentation.
a) Suppose that out of 10 trees planted in a yard, only five survived. What kind of hypothesis could you make about this observation or event? Remember that a hypothesis needs to have a certain format. (2 points)
b)How could you test this hypothesis? What type of experiment could you perform? (2 points)
c) How would this hypothesis be different from a scientific law? Review the definitions of law and hypothesis to help you. (2 points)
A hypothesis is an experimental based on scientific observation and has explanation
A hypothesis differs from scientific law because it is highly induces tentative explanation based on observation while a scientific law is a statement that summarizes the relationship between different variables.
What is hypothesis?Hypothesis is proposed explanation for a particular observation.
So therefore, a hypothesis is an experimental based on scientific observation and has explanation
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two kingdom system of classification is less scientific than 5 kingdom system.WHy?
Two kingdom system of classification is less scientific than 5 kingdom system because it takes into consideration the use of more parameters.
What is Classification?This is the process in which organisms are grouped into broad categories as a result of shared similarities present between them.
The five system of classification ensures that unicellular and multicellular organisms are placed separately. Autotrophs and heterotrophs are also placed in an entirely different category unlike the two system of classification which offers small categories.
This therefore makes the two kingdom system of classification is less scientific than five kingdom system.
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