It is because the reaction requires a compound with two active methylene groups, which are not present in a monosubstituted carboxylic acid.
The reaction involves the substitution of one of the methylene groups with the desired substituent, followed by decarboxylation to form the carboxylic acid.
However, compounds of low molecular weight can also decarboxylate completely under these reaction conditions, making it difficult to obtain the desired product.
Additionally, tertiary alkyl halides are too sterically hindered to undergo an SN2 reaction, which is necessary for the substitution step in the reaction. Finally, the initial compound necessary for this reaction is resonance stabilized and too unreactive to participate in this reaction.
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Vinegar contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with percent masses of 40.01% C, 6.70% H, and 53.29% O, respectively. Determine the empirical and molecular formulas of the compound. The molar mass of vinegar is about 60 g/mol. HOW DO WE GET THERE
The empirical formula is = C2H4O2
Molecular formula=C2H4O2
Calculation of Molecular formula and empirical formula:-Vinegar has three elements:
oxygen = 53.29%,
hydrogen = 6.70%,
and carbon = 40.01%.
We can create an equation for the total mass of vinegar with 'a' carbon atom,' b' hydrogen atom, and 'c' oxygen atoms using the molar masses of C, H, and O.
12*a + 1*b + 16*c = 60
We also know that C makes up 24 g/mol, or 40.01 percent, of the overall mass of 60 g/mol.
The formula contains two C atoms because each C atom has a molecular mass of 12 g/mol. You may determine that the formula contains 4 H and 2 O atoms by using the same reasoning for H and O.
The empirical formula is = C2H4O2
Molecular formula= (C2H4O2)n
(4 x 12 + 1 x 4 + 16 x 2)n = 60
(84)n = 60
n=60/84
n=0.71=1
Molecular formula=C2H4O2
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How does the appearance of
the protist differ from that of the onion sample?
The appearance of the protist differ from that of the onion sample due to the presence of motile structures.
What is a Protist?This is an eukaryote which could be unicellular or multicellular and examples include protozoa etc.
The major difference between a protist and onion sample is that protists have motile structures such as flagella, cilia etc while plant cells such as onions don't have.
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state and appearance sodium chloride
Sodium chloride is white, crystalline solid at room temperature.
Sodium chlorideIt is a compound whose components atoms are sodium and chlorine.
The atoms of the two elements combine chemically through an ionic bond. The sodium donates it valence electron to the chlorine atom.
Thus, sodium chloride is an ionic compound. It has a characteristic white appearance and crystalline structure.
The compound is a solid at room temperature. It has a melting point of 801 °C.
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Compare how fast the rate of CO2 increase is in the last few hundred years with the rate of increase (or decrease, for that matter) in the preceding 400,000 years. What are the primary factors driving this change (that weren't present before
The rate of CO2 increase is in the last few hundred years is 10 times more with the rate of increase (or decrease, for that matter) in the preceding 400,000 years.
There are many possible reasons for this cause , some primary factors are listed below:
Increase in populationincreased emission of green house gases, as we all know auto mobile industry is growing rapidly and this vehicles releases harmful gases like CO2, CO ,etc. and increases carbon % , this CO2 is a main gas component in green house effect.Deforestation, as the amount of plant decreases the CO2 present in atmosphere increases, plants uses CO2 and sun lite to make their food via photosynthesis.Increased emission of Industrial flue gases, etc.Learn more about green house effect here...
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EXPERIMENT 1: How do you expect your coarse titration volume at the color change to compare to your fine titration volumes?
In the endpoint when the indicator changes color it gives the information that the acid is neutralized by the base.
What is Titration ?Titration is also known as titrimetry is a technique where a solution of known concentration is used to calculate the concentration of the unknown solution. Titration is a laboratory technique.
What is Endpoint ?The point at which the indicator changes the color is known as Endpoint.
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that In the endpoint when the indicator changes color it gives the information that the acid is neutralized by the base.
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About how long does it take for the reaction to reach equilibrium in this concentration versus time graph?
a graph of reactant and product concentration vs. time; a red curve shows the reactant concentration decreasing while two blue curves show the product concentration increasing with time; both blue curves intersect the red curve; the chemical equation is water reacting to produce hydrogen and oxygen
A.
0.5 second
B.
1.5 seconds
C.
2.5 seconds
D.
4.5 seconds
The time taken for the reaction to reach equilibrium in this concentration versus time graph is 4.5 seconds and is denoted as option D.
What is Time?This refers to the duration in which a certain action or activity takes place with its unit being seconds.
From the graph we can deduce that:
The two blue lines, the concentrations of H₂ and O₂, become flat between 4 and 5 seconds.The red line, the concentration of H₂O, becomes flat, also, between 4 and 5 seconds.This therefore means that the time taken for the reaction to reach equilibrium in this concentration versus time graph is 4.5 seconds.
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Answer: 4.5 is right just took the test.
Explanation:
A certain mass of nitrogen gas occupies a volume of 8.56 L at a pressure of 3.72 atm. At what pressure will the volume of this sample be 10.94 L
The final pressure of the nitrogen gas with the increase in volume is 2.91 atm.
What is Boyle's Law?Boyle’s law is a gas law that states that the pressure exerted by a gas (of a given mass, kept at a constant temperature) is inversely proportional to the volume occupied by it.
The relation can be given as:
[tex]P_1V_1=P_2V_2[/tex]
The initial pressure of the gas, [tex]P_1[/tex] = 3.72 atm
The initial volume of the gas, [tex]V_1[/tex] = 8.56L
The final volume of the gas, [tex]V_2[/tex] = 10.94 L
Substituting the values, the final pressure [tex]P_2[/tex] is given as:
3.72 × 8.56 = [tex]P_2[/tex] × 10.94
[tex]P_2 =\frac{3.72 * 8.56}{10.94} \\\\P_2 =2.91 atm[/tex]
Therefore, the final pressure of the nitrogen gas with the increase in volume is 2.91 atm.
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? Question
The article mentions that the difference in the responses of men and women to the research study could be due to
confirmation bias. Use the Internet to look up "confirmation bias." Which of the following statements could support the
view that the difference is due to confirmation bias?
Select all the correct answers.
Many of the men may believe that they are fair and unbiased against women.
Many of the women may already believe that they face biases.
More men than women participated in the study.
The men who participated in the study were younger than the women.
Many of the men may believe that they are fair and unbiased against women.
Many of the women may already believe that they face biases.
What is confirmation bias ?
The propensity to seek for, understand, favor, and remember information that supports or confirms one's preexisting opinions or values is known as confirmation bias. People exhibit this bias when they choose facts that support their opinions while rejecting those that contradict them or when they interpret ambiguous facts as supporting their preexisting beliefs. Although confirmation bias cannot be completely avoided, it can be controlled, for instance, by critical thinking education and training.
Confirmation bias has been linked to poor decisions in the scientific, organizational, financial, and political spheres. These biases can preserve or reinforce views in the face of contradictory data and contribute to overconfidence in personal opinions.
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Answer:
Many of the men may believe that they are fair and unbiased against women.
Many of the women may already believe that they face biases.
Explanation:
A molecule that contains delocalized electrons ________
Answer:
benzene molecule
Explanation:
The molecules exhibiting delocalization of electrons will have at least two resonance structures. These two resonance structure are having the equal energy.
What is resonance?Resonance is an electronic property of molecules by which, the sigma bond or pi bond moves from one location to other forming different mesomeric structures of the compound.
For example carbon dioxide can have two resonance structures.The lone pair in oxygen delocalize from one oxygen to the other. The double bond with carbon can be of either side of carbon. Thus one negative charge forms for one oxygen. This charge can be on the second hydrogen too.
In this way free electrons can delocalise through the orbitals and this process make the molecule more stable. The resonance structures together form the canonical structure which is the most probable and stable form of the compound.
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What happens to iron in a bolt as the bolt rusts?
Answer:
write the following as fractions in their simplest form
If you were presented with 2 liters of a 2m sucrose stock solution, how many grams of sugar would be in a 100ml aliquot?
Answer:
68.46 gms
Explanation:
2 molal solution means there is 2 moles of sucrose per kg of solvent (generally 1000 cc)
2 moles / 1000 ml * 100 ml = .2 moles
mole weight of sucrose = 342.3 gm/mole
342.3 gm/mole * .2 mole = 68.46 gms
In calorimetry, what physical quantity do we measure to qualitatively assess if a reaction is endothermic or exothermic?.
The physical quantity used to qualitatively assess if a reaction is endothermic or exothermic in calorimetry is heat.
What is calorimetry?Measurements of heat transferred to or from a substance are determined using calorimetry.
Assessment of the reaction:The heat generated by an exothermic reaction in solution is trapped in the calorimeter when we perform the process, raising the temperature of the solution. Running an endothermic reaction causes the solution's temperature to drop as the reaction's heat source is removed from the solution.Characteristics of endothermic reaction:Any chemical process that takes heat from its surroundings is said to be endothermic. The reaction's activation energy comes from the energy that was absorbed. This kind of reaction is characterized by its cold sensation.Characteristics of exothermic reaction:Exothermic simply means releasing heat. As an exothermic process develops, energy, frequently in the form of heat, is released.In an exothermic reaction, it takes less energy to break bonds in the reactants than is released when new bonds form in the products.To learn more about endothermic and exothermic reactions visit:
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The physical quantity used to qualitatively assess if a reaction is endothermic or exothermic in calorimetry is heat.
What is calorimetry?Measurements of heat transferred to or from a substance are determined using calorimetry.
Assessment of the reaction:The heat generated by an exothermic reaction in solution is trapped in the calorimeter when we perform the process, raising the temperature of the solution.Running an endothermic reaction causes the solution's temperature to drop as the reaction's heat source is removed from the solution.Characteristics of endothermic reaction:
Any chemical process that takes heat from its surroundings is said to be endothermic.The reaction's activation energy comes from the energy that was absorbed.This kind of reaction is characterized by its cold sensation.Characteristics of exothermic reaction:Exothermic simply means releasing heat.As an exothermic process develops, energy, frequently in the form of heat, is released.In an exothermic reaction, it takes less energy to break bonds in the reactants than is released when new bonds form in the products.To learn more about endothermic and exothermic reactions visit:
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The solubility of pbso₄ in water at 25 °c is 7. 9 × 10⁻⁴ m. What is ksp for pbso₄?.
ksp = 2S²
= 2 [ 7.9* 10-⁴ moldm-³ ]²
= 124.82 * 10-⁸ mol² dm-⁶
The term Ksp denotes the solubility product. It is generally used to predict the precipitation of reactions. The Ksp of PbSO₄ is 6.24 × 10⁻⁷.
What is solubility product?The solubility product of a sparingly soluble salt is defined as the product of the molar concentrations of its ions in a saturated solution of it at a given temperature. By knowing the solubility product of a substance, it is possible to predict whether a substance precipitate out or not.
In short, the precipitation of an ionic substance from the solution occurs when the ionic product exceeds the value of its solubility product at that temperature.
Here PbSO₄ dissociates as:
PbSO₄ → Pb²⁺ (aq) + SO₄²⁻ (aq)
Ksp = [Pb²⁺] [SO₄²⁻ ]
= [7. 9 × 10⁻⁴] [7. 9 × 10⁻⁴]
= 6.24 × 10⁻⁷
Thus the value of Ksp is 6.24 × 10⁻⁷.
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What happens to heat energy when it is not increasing the temperature of the substance in the beaker
Answer:
See below
Explanation:
It is melting the ice ( or other solid) at a constant temperature...the solid will absorb heat as it melts but remain at the same temp
Help, Kinda struggling here
The water cycle will be discussed here.
What is Water cycle?
This is defined as the continuous manner in which water is moved within the earth and the atmosphere.'
The water cycle comprises of steps such as:
EvaporationCondensationPrecipitationHumans however disrupt water cycle through the damming of rivers and deforestation.
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By replacing hardware safety features with software controls in the therac-25 machine, aecl was able to?
Therac-25, AECL was able to reduce costs by replacing hardware safety features with software controls.
the Therac-25 was a laptop-controlled radiation therapy machine produced by Atomic energy state Canada limited in 1982 after the Therac-6 and Therac-20 units. It was involved in at least six accidents between 1985 and 1987, in which patients were given massive overdoses state radiation.
The Therac-25 machine was a state-of-the-art linear accelerator developed by using the company Atomic strength Canada restricted (AECL) and a French company CGR to provide radiation treatment to cancer sufferers. The Therac-25 become the most computerized and complicated radiation therapy device state its time.
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When testing the temperature of catalase, what would happen if you changed the temperature using the same tube with the same catalase and hydrogen oxide mixture?.
The substrate and enzyme would bind and react before all temperatures could be tested.
Before all temperatures could be tested, the enzyme would stop functioning after a short while.
What happens to the substrate and the enzyme?The enzyme and the substrate would bind and the reaction would breakdown hydrogen peroxide into hydrogen and oxygen. Once the majority of the substrate was consumed, the reaction would not proceed even if the enzyme was at the optimal temperature.
Specific substrate binding is a property of enzymes. For example, the enzyme catalase exclusively binds to hydrogen peroxide as a substrate.
The enzyme forms a complex with the substrate when it attaches to its active site, breaking down the substrate into products.
I understand the question you are looking for is this:
When testing the temperature of catalase, what would happen if you changed the temperature using the same tube with the same catalase and hydrogen oxide mixture?
The substrate would stop working after a few minutes before all temperatures could be tested.The enzyme would stop working after a few minutes before all temperatures could be tested.The substrate and enzyme would bind and react before all temperatures could be tested.Learn more about enzymes here:
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26.10 mL of a 0.250 M potassium carbonate solution is reacted with excess hydroiodic acid. How many grams of gas formed are in the balanced equation
Answer:
Below in bold.
Explanation:
The equation is:
K2CO3 + 2HCl ----> 2KCl + CO2 + H2O
So 1 mole of K2CO3 produces 1 mole of CO2.
Number of moles of K2CO3 in the solution
= 0.25 * 26.10 / 1000
= 0.00625 moles
This produces 0.00625 moles of CO2
which is 0.00625*44
= 0.2871 grams.
Please help me!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1)The limiting reactant will be aluminum acetate
2) The mass of aluminum hydroxide formed will be 9.75 grams.
Stoichiometric problemThe equation of the reaction is as below:
[tex]Al(C_2H_3O_2)_3 + 3NaOH --- > 3C_2H_3NaO_2 + Al(OH)_3[/tex]
The mole ratio of the 2 reactants is 1:3.
Mole of 100 mL. 1.25 mol/L [tex]Al(C_2H_3O_2)_3[/tex] = 0.1 x 1.25 = 0.125 mol
Mole of 300 mL, 2.30 mol/L NaOH = 0.3 x 2.3 = 0.69 mol
Thus, aluminum acetate is limited.
Mole ratio of [tex]Al(C_2H_3O_2)_3[/tex] and [tex]Al(OH)_3[/tex] = 1:1
Equivalent mole of [tex]Al(OH)_3[/tex] = 0.125 mol
Mass of 0.125 mole [tex]Al(OH)_3[/tex] = 0.125 x 78 = 9.75 grams.
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Listed following are some distinguishing characteristics of comets, meteors, and asteroids. Match these to the appropriate category of objects.
The distinguishing characteristics of comets, meteors, and asteroids are its composition.
What are the characteristics of comets, meteors and asteroids?Asteroids are the fragments of rock that were left over from the creation of the solar system, Meteors are the rocks that enter the atmosphere of the Earth from space while on the other hand, Comets are the remnants of the formation of the solar system that are made of dust, rocks, and ice. All these materials i.e. comets, meteors and asteroids are different from one another due to its structure and chemical composition.
So we can conclude that the distinguishing characteristics of comets, meteors, and asteroids are its composition.
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Which answer best describes what is happening in the following reaction?
2C8H18 + 25O2 Right arrow. 16CO2 + 18H2O
This is not a redox reaction. It is an example of combustion.
This is a redox reaction in which octane (C8H18) is the reducing agent.
This is a redox reaction in which carbon dioxide (CO2) burns due to ignition.
This is not a redox reaction, because a solution of carbon dioxide and water results.
A. This is not a redox reaction. It is an example of combustion.
Combustion reaction of hydrocarbonDuring the combustion of a hydrocarbon, the hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to create carbon dioxide, water, and heat.
Example of combustion reaction2C8H18 + 25O2 → 16CO2 + 18H2O
Thus, we can conclude that, this is not a redox reaction. It is an example of combustion.
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Answer:
A: This is not a redox reaction. It is an example of combustion.
Explanation:
Which of the following measurements
have four significant figures? Select all
that apply.
1.001
120.0
Explanation:Significant figures are used in science to determine the precision of a number. Depending on the decimal point, sig figs are counted in different ways.
Decimal Points
When counting sig figs, you always start at the first non-zero number. However, sometimes you start from the left, other times the right.
If the decimal point is present, start counting sig figs from the left.If the decimal point is absent, start counting sig figs from the right.Remember to start counting at the first non-zero number.
For people in the Americas, there is a trick to remembering this.
If this decimal is Present, start from the Pacific. If it is Absent, start from the Atlantic.This works because the Pacific ocean is to the left of the Americas, and the Atlantic is to the right.
4 Significant Figures
The number 1.001, has 4 significant figures. Since there is a decimal point, we start counting from the left. The first digit is not zero, so we count all four places as significant.
The number 120.0 also has 4 sig figs. Like the number above, we start counting from the left because of the decimal. The first digit on the left is not zero, so we once again count all 4 digits as significant.
Life alters the atmosphere by producing and removing _____________________, carbon dioxide, and methane.
Life alters the atmosphere by producing and removing oxygen, carbon dioxide, and methane.
Burning fossil fuels like coal, and natural gas, including oil, solid waste, trees, and other biological materials release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, along with some chemical reactions.
It is thought that the first billion years of Earth's history saw a lot of volcanic activity. With little to no oxygen, the early atmosphere was presumably primarily composed of carbon dioxide.
Therefore, life alters the atmosphere by producing and removing oxygen, carbon dioxide, and methane.
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A student started with 0.3295 g of copper. The mass of filter paper and copper (II) oxide product was found to be 0.5723 g, and that of the filter paper alone was 0.2568 g. Calculate the percent yield of copper (II) oxide.
The percent yield will be 95.75%
Percent yieldMass of copper = 0.3295 g
Mass of filter paper + copper (II) oxide = 0.5723
Mass of filter paper only = 0.2568
Mass of copper (II) oxide = 0.5723 - 0.2568 = 0.3155
Percent yield = yield/total x 100%
= 0.3155/0.3295 x 100% = 95.75%
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Hat product forms at the anode during the electrolysis of molten nabr?
a. Na+ (l) Na(l).
b. Br–(l).
c. Br^3–(I).
d. Br^2(g).
Reaction at anode
2 Br- (aq) -----> Br2 (g) + 2e-
The product formed at the anode is Br2 (g).
In chemistry and production, electrolysis is a technique that makes use of direct electric present-day (DC) to power an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical response.
Electrolysis is commercially crucial as a degree inside the separation of factors from clearly going on sources including ores the usage of an electrolytic cell.
The voltage that is wanted for electrolysis to occur is called the decomposition capacity. The word "lysis" way to split or break, so in phrases, electrolysis would imply "breakdown via power".
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casey is ready for lab. He has on all necessary lab attire, and he has read through his procedure. He looks at his procedure and sees that it tells him to use a test tube to conduct a reaction. The test tube will need to be heated. Casey picks up the test tube, places the necessary substances inside, and heats the test tube. Which lab safety rule did Casey break
Rules that Casey breaks:
He didn't carefully examine the glassware before utilizing it.
Lab safety rules:
Accidents do occur. Even a slight angle heating of the test tube can cause heating liquid to shoot out of the test tube. This is why the experimenter must always wear safety glasses and the test tube must be positioned away from any other individuals. Avoid smelling or tasting chemicals.Properly dispose of lab waste.Avoid self-experimenting.Avoid eating or drinking in the lab.Unless instructed otherwise by your teacher, never pour any chemicals down the sink.Always dispose of broken glass in the appropriate container. Never throw broken glass in the trash.Always be aware of where the safety equipment is and how to use it.Always leave your lab station completely clean. Always take your time and never leave any containers open.Learn more about the lab safety rule here,
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Calcium (Ca) and diatomic oxygen (O2) combine to form calcium oxide (CaO). The data table below compares the properties of these substances.
Calcium (Ca) Oxygen (O2) Calcium Oxide (CaO)
Melting Point (°C) 842 −218.4 2613
Density (g/cm3) 1.54 0.00143 3.34
Appearance silvery-white
metal colorless,
odorless gas white, odorless
powder
What can be concluded from this data?
A.
A chemical reaction occurred because calcium oxide has different properties than calcium and diatomic oxygen.
B.
A chemical reaction did not occur because solid calcium cannot chemically react with diatomic oxygen gas.
C.
A chemical reaction did occur because calcium oxide has similar properties to calcium and diatomic oxygen.
D.
A chemical reaction did not occur because calcium oxide is not a new substance.
A chemical reaction occurred because calcium oxide has different properties than calcium and diatomic oxygen. The correct option is A.
What are chemical reactions?A chemical reaction is said to occur when the chemical properties of substances change during the course of the reaction.
From the illustration, the chemical properties of calcium oxide are unique from that of calcium and oxygen. Thus, calcium oxide has become a new substance entirely.
Once a reaction leads to the formation of new substances, such a reaction is a chemical reaction.
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Consider the following equation in chemical equilibrium. C2H4(g) H2(g) C2H6(g) 137 kJ What happens to the amount of ethane (C2H6) when the temperature of the system is increased
The amount of ethane decreases
increasing the temperature (adding energy), will drive the reaction to the left
What happens to the amount of ethane (C2H6) when the temperature of the system is increased ?C2H4(g) <--> C2H6(g) + 137 kJ
because this reaction is an exothermic reaction and the heat is a product of this reaction, So when the number of temperature increases
so (more heat will be added) so the reaction will go leftward (toward reactants ) so the amount of C2H4 & H2 will increase and the amount of ethane C2H6 will decrease.Learn more about Chemical Equilibrium here:
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One type of acid-base buffer is composed of a weak , which will react with any added base, and its conjugate , which will react with any added acid.
One type of acid-base buffer is composed of a weak acid , which will react with any added base, and its conjugate base, which will react with any added acid.
The buffer's weak base and strong acid combine to form a weak acid, which changes the pH only little and releases few H ions into solution.
What is a Buffer solution ?A weak acid and the conjugate base of the weak acid, or a weak base and the conjugate acid of the weak base, are combined to form the buffer solution, a water-based solvent solution.
They withstand being diluted or having modest amounts of acid or alkali added to them without changing their pH.In order to maintain the moderate pH, buffers act by neutralising any additional acid (H+ ions) or base (OH- ions), making them a weaker acid or base.Learn more about Buffer solution here:
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The following reversible reaction is at equilibrium. If the concentration of HCI is increased, how would
the system react?
NH4CI NH3 + HCI
A. Nothing would change.
B. The reaction would move to the right, producing more NH3.
C. The reaction would move to the left, producing more NH4CI.
D. There would only be HCI remaining.
Answer:
C.) The reaction would move to the left, producing more NH₄CI.
Explanation:
The chemical equation:
NH₄Cl ↔ NH₃ + HCl
If you were to increase the amount of HCl, the equilibrium would shift to the left. This is because the system is trying to go back to equilibrium. The equilibrium was disturbed when more product (HCl) was added. In order to restore equilibrium, you need to do the same thing that was done to the products to the reactants. In other words, since the products increased, the reactants need to increase.